A Study Of Etiquette System In Song Dynasty And Primary Society Control

This essay selects the etiquette system in Song Dynasty and Primary Society Control as the object of study, trying to take the social reform in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty as the big background, from the perspective of etiquette culture, studying the reform of society control way in Song Dynasty, probing into the interaction between state power and primary society, so as to deepen the understanding of Song's social history.This essay includes three parts: introduction, body and conclusion, among which, the body of the essay can be divided into two sections: the first section and the last. As it presents here:A question firstly raised in introduction, which focuses on the transform of Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty not only manifested in politics, economy, culture and social life, but also reflected on the reform of social control mode, the formal states before Tang Dynasty had controls of primary society not directly facing the primary society but through the middle class called Menhua Tu nationality, after the disintegration of Menhua aristocratic family of Song Dynasty, a rising Dizhe nationality, the representative of landlord class itself was in a state of variation without ceasing, which was not capable of having the whole control over the primary society, facing this change, the state adopted the way of establishing an etiquette system culture network, by which the primary society could be controlled directly, meanwhile, the distinguished people of primary society conducted self-control by adopting the mode of etiquette system. It's significant to study this control way in understanding long-term existence of Song's politics and society in relative sharp class contradictory and national conflicts, and its prominent place in cultural history with which Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty can't compete. Secondly, the essay gives the classified introduction of Song's social control study and the outcome of researches on etiquette system, pointing out the defects as well. Finally, it also illustrates the Academic theory ground and the structure. This essay mainly introduces social control theory and its characteristics, explains the layout and structure of the essay, etc.The body of the essay includes the first section and the latter section. For the first section, discusses the Etiquette Customs on Folk Manifestation and Self-control of Primary Society, which includes five chapters. Chapter one : Song's Folk Funeral, Sacrificial Rites and Primary Society Control, which probes into the etiquette customs of Song's folk funeral, sacrificial rites and its distinctive features; analyzes the relationship between folk funeral, sacrificial rites and primary social control from three aspects: rectification and combination of society; unity of patriarchal clans and clan's regional power, etc. Chapter Two: Song's Folk Wedding Ceremony and Primary Society Control, into which the wedding structural gradation in Song's primary society probes; points out the destruction on social order due to Song's undesirable etiquette customs of marriage; analyzes the social control function of Song's folk marriage customs from the symbolic significance of marriage. Chapter Three: Song's Family Maxims, which discusses the control of the primary groups because of patriarchal clans' blood-tie, points out the historical place of Song's Family Maxims in Chinese Family Maxims history; makes an analysis on its causes; introduces a few important authors and their masterpieces on Family Maxims of Song Dynasty's; generalizes and summarizes the contents, in the end, analyzes social control's significances of family maxims from the transformation of "domestic disciplines of a feudal household " and "king's laws", as well as the replacement of "private words" and "social words". Chapter Four: Song's Provisional Constitutions, in which states the control of primary group because of regional cause; expounds Song's countryside's structure and the background of Lv Shi Provisional Constitutions; analyzes the contents and essence of it; inquires into the conflicts between countryside autonomy by gentries as the essential body and state power; expounds the development and spread of Provisional Constitutions in South Song Dynasty. Chapter Five: Song's Folk Excessive Illegal Rites and Primary Society Control, which discusses sacrificial rites as a cultural power and its relation to social control; points out Song's boundary concept of excessive illegal rites; argues the relation between Song's folk excessive illegal rites and the state's social order; from the angle of combating excessive illegal rites activities, probes into the interaction of primary social autonomy and the state power.The latter section which includes five chapters expounds The Etiquette System on the Manifestation of Local Government and Primary Society Control. Chapter One: School Etiquette System Education and Primary Society Control, which introduces Song's cultural policy and the development of school; inquires into Song's various kinds of schools' etiquette system education; analyzes schools which as the tool of ideology and its relation to primary society control. Chapter Two: Song's Banners & Medals and Primary Society Control, in which the banners & medals' historical changes and Song's banners &medals' form, structure and its procedure are studied, the types of Song's banners &medals are analyzed, and the banners considered as a symbol of state power which dispensed by the folk, embodying the interaction between the government and primary society. Chapter Three: Song's Instruction Customs and Primary Society Control, which takes Song's instruction language as the centre, probes into the origin of Song's instruction language and the cause of its wide-spread in Song Dynasty; analyzes the contents of Song's instruction language; trying to expose social control's significance of Song's instruction language by studying the folk expressing of Song's official words. Chapter Four: Public Ghost's Sacrificial Rites of Primary Society and Primary Society Control, in which a classified study has been conducted of Song's local permanent sacrificial rites system and special sacrificial rites system and their rites; analyzing from the whole, the relationship between the local public ghosts and primary society control; moreover, this chapter makes an individual case analysis on public ghosts and primary society control around the land ghost. Chapter Five: Song's Family Temple and Primary Society Control, which analyzes the historical and cultural background of Song's family temple, testifying Song's official discussion on family temple's system, from which, as well as the executive state of the versions of Jia You, and Da Guan originated. Finally, analyzes the social control function of the family temple from the temple activities.Concluding part makes a summary of the first and latter sections of the essay's body, pointing out that it's the countryside's gentries and rulers who jointly established a culture network of etiquette system control with interlocking, profound and substantial contents.