A Study On Verb System Of Shiji

Shiji , which is at the head of 24 historical records, is a famous and important historical records in ancient china .as is known to all mr. luxun acclaimed shiji highly as the best song of historical records and the best poem of prose, which means shiji plays a important role in historiography and literature.in addition, shiji is a encyclopaedia, its significance has exceeded historiography and literature, for instance,shiji is very important from the view of linguistic.mr. zhangshunhui said:simaqian write his paper for the ordinary people,he try every means to make his paper easy to understand when he cite classical books, he always used the method of translation instead of copying word for word .owing to the calumny of shiji ,I choose shiji as the material of Chinese evolution from qin dynasty han dynasty in my doctoral dissertation .It has been nearly 20 years since cognitive linguistic was propagated into china .cognitive linguistic theory combine Chinese language perfectly,it can explain some profound problems in Chinese language. The origination and evolution of language is closely linked with the mutual activity of human beings and their living environment.this subject may be viewed from two aspects,for one side, the mutual activity of human beings in their living environment pushed the evolution of language forward,for another , the mutual activity of human beings has the related information preserved in every footprint of language evolution ,and we find it a rule that the related information of the mutual activity of human beings was preserved in verb category, as a result,I choose the study on verb system of shiji as my dissertation.The thinking train of this paper as follows: the verb system of shiji was choosed as a breakthrough, and the study based on the polymerization characteristic and combination characteristic of verb, the target of my study is to probe into the relationship of mutual activity between human beings and their living environment, especially the influence that the activity of human beings exerted on their living environment and the influence the activity of human beings exerted on the categorization of language construction. The concrete manipulation method as follows:the theory of the structural linguistic was applied to describe language, and the theory of cognitive linguistic was applied to explain language.The description of langage was carried on through two dimensions.From the view of polymerization description, the chief material is the polymerization of lexical polymerization, the standard of classification of lexical polymerization as follows:from the view of mutual activity between humau being and their living environment, the verb of shiji was classified into three parts:first, verb of body activity ,which reflection the movement and variation of body itself of human beings by human brain, second,verb of social activity, which reflection the movement and variation of society by human brain ,third, verb of nature activity, which reflection the movement and variation of nature by human brain. three groups of verbs added up to 1137,these 1137 verbs was listed by forms according to meaning .usage and source, and was arranged in phonetic alphabetical order.The third chapter is about valence polymerization of shiji verb system and the fourth chapter is about synonym polymerization, these two chapters are necessary supplement. The valence of verbs refer to the number of noun that relating to verbs, and the relationship between verbs and their nouns clearly depend on sbjective opinion, as a result, the valence of verbs is a reflection of human cognition concerning the relationship between action and objects. The conclusion about valence polymerization of shiji as follows: high valence verbs are much more in shiji than that in modern Chinese, for instance, the verb yin(饮) is a three valences verb in shiji, and the verb he(喝),which is similar to yin(饮), is a two valences verb, yin(饮) has one valence more than he(喝), that is dative.from this superfluous valence, we can get a hint of the living model and culture customs of ancient people. In ancient period, the verb yin(饮),which means drink, not only express drink action, but also express a activity of communication, it involves three valences:host, guest and wine.in synonym polymerization of shiji verbs, the auther collected 152 grougs of synonym verbs altogether, involving 547 individual verbs, analysis was made one by one about detailed differents of synonym verbs, from the view of cognitive linguistic, the large number of synonym verbs in shiji just reflect the attention that the ancient people pay to one object.The fifth chapter is about the characteristic of shiji verb system and the living model of ancient people that reflected by shiji verb system, this chapter is based on the former three chapter and its contents is about summary and explanation partly. In the course of the explanation, the author propose a view called double evidences based on the cognitive linguistic theory and the auther's mediation on cognitive linguistic theory recent years, its main idea as follows:if the number of words in a group of similar words is large, according to the iconicity theory, the objects that these words refers to must be the things that people paid more attention to, and this conclusion can always be testified by paragraphs of shiji, that is to say,the layer of paragraph can testify the word layer.for example.there are decades of words in shiji, this phenomenon is the trace of a war society, from the view of paragraph of shji, this is the actual situation. The sixth chapter is about combination characteristic of shji, describing the combination characteristics of shiji verbs from several aspects, from the view of cognitive linguistic theory, the complicated relationship between the verb and the object reflects the subjective opinion of the ancient people, that is to say, the noun that play the part of object has the characteristic of glaring.