Nature And Good

From point of moral view,the social crisis of the end of eastern Han Dynasty was aroused by collapse of traditional value system.As official ideology, Confucianism(i.e.,Sangang and Wuchang三纲五常)could justify the legitimacy of realistic order and hierarchy;but it overlooked the meaning of principle of spontaneity, owing to pay more attention to external norm.Moreover,this kind of defect of Confucianism became the theoretical root of Han Dynasty's formalism and utilitarianism.In order to eliminate social crisis,Cao Cao and Cai Xing thought(a sort of functionalism才性论)claimed that only utilitarianism could effectively deal with ethical and political problems.However,Cai Xing thought did not solve but intensify stained interpersonal relationships and political conflicts.Therefore,the failure of Cai Xing thought made philosophers,namely Neo-Taoists attempt to rebuild the moral order from metaphysical level.During the Wei-Jin period(220-420AD),there was a radical turn to foundation of the metaphysics of morals.Going beyond Lao-tzu and Zhuang-tzu's characterization of Tao as Nonbeing(wu无),the Neo-Taoists concentrated on the question of the human nature(ziranzhixing自然之性)and its law(Tao道). Neo-Taoists regarded nature as the Nonbeing itself,and had priority in ontological system.Therefore,the autonomy of nature was the supreme moral principle,which ensured the human beings' dignity by means of nature's spontaneity and integrity. Actually,because of the difference of every Neo-Taoist's conditions and problem resulted in the diversified interpretation on nature and Tao.As the first phase of Neo-Taoist Philosophy,Zhengshi(正始240-249AD)Neo-Taoists,especial Wang Bi (王弼),paid more attention to the foundation of metaphysics of morals,who set up the doctrine of spontaneity and integrity.Subsequently,Zhuling(竹林248-262AD) Neo-Taoists and Zhongchao(中朝265-316AD)Neo-Taoists developed this topic,the former claimed that harmonious mind was the end of human beings,the latter justified the value of union of different individual by Duhua theory(独化论)which maintained that everything came into being by itself.Although emphasizing the doctrine of autonomy was the achievement of Neo-Taoist moral philosophy,disadvantages of neglect of emotion,desire and human relationship blocked the integrated significance of moral good.In moral practice realm,thanks to lacking guidance of moral norm system, Neo-Taoist moral philosophy had possibility of transformation into irrationalism and relativism.Compared to Nco-Taoist moral philosophy,Taoism and Buddhism could take transcendental and social,religious discipline and worldly norm system into consideration,which made them remedy defects of Neo-Taoist moral philosophy. Although Neo-Taoist philosophy retired from the historical arena,criticism of Taoism and Buddhism becoming Chinese native culture could be considered it come into being again.