A Study On San Francisco Peacemaking With Japan

The Japanese peace conference, as an important conference in the history of postwar in the world, terminated the Japanese war relation with 48 nations with Britain and US etc. as their leaders, and in a sense, stood for the Japanese return to international community. While some nations like Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia etc refused to sign the San Francisco Treaty of peace with Japan, as for China, Korea etc they also criticized the San Francisco Treaty of peace with Japan. It is said that it is rarely seen in the postwar, that San Francisco Treaty of peace with Japan, as an important historical event, involved so many nations and had a great influence.This paper generally conducts a study of San Francisco Treaty of peace with Japan, in the order of the development of historical events i.e, cause, development, climax and end. And has an argumentation by the clue of development and changes of foreign policy of the two nations in the postwar. In the early period of postwar, US shaped its policy against Japan and treaty of peace in which US had a tendency of control of Japan and conducted the reform of democracy and non-military in Japan. In the policy of treaty, US put forward Bonus imagination, Paula compensation plan, Strike report and Bolton drafty, and in 1947 US had a first try of treaty with Japan but broke down due to its immaturity. With the change of the internal situation, US gradually paid more attention to issue of treaty with Japan. And therefore came to three sections: SCAP, Defense Department and Cabinet which quarreled with each other about the issue of treaty and this led to the delay of the issue of treaty.While for a long time, Japan government had studied and discussed the issue of treaty which concerned its own benefits. During the period of second cabinet Shidehara after the postwar, across-Departmental interference conference of the issue of treaty was formed to study the issue of treaty. And in May, 1946, it put forward the first research report which made a conclusion of issue of treaty during this period. During the period of Shidehara and the first Shigeru Yoshida, Japanese Government mainly promoted the policy of complete treaty. During the period of Katayama and Ashida Hitoshi, Ashida Hitoshi was mainly responsible for foreign affairs and started to carry out the policy of partly treaty. In this period, Ashida Hitoshi Memos was put forward, and Eke Berger Confidential Event happened. This route also became bankrupt eventually because immature chance. Since Shigeru Yoshida took office again, Japanese Government had inherited the route of partly treaty of Ashida Hitoshi, and conducted a deeper exploration and eventually set up the route of partly treaty which gained the US recognition.Due to the dramatic changes in the international relations, the United States accelerated the pace of making peace with Japan. First, although the Cold War differentiated the views of all sides in the United States, but the dramatic changes in the international relations provided a suitable platform for internal coordination at present.Eventually, Dulles exerted his flexible capacity of coordination to make the tripartite work together. Second, the United States and Japan also stepped up coordination. Dulles exerted his influence as possible as he can during his three times visit to Japan, finally the United States and Japan reached some basic agreement. Third, the United Kingdom, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand and other countries as the United States'important allies also held their own policy on the issue of making peace with Japan, and in some aspects even there are serious differences with the United States. Ultimately, through the coordination of Dulles and the concessions and pressure on the issue, the United States'making peace mode got the ally countries'support. However, since there are essentially differences between the principles taken by the United States and the Soviet Union and other countries, to some extent, the differences are irreconcilable. Ultimately, China, the Soviet Union, India, and other countries did not accept the United States-led mode.The United States-led conference inaugurated in San Francisco on September 4, 1951. At the meeting, the United States'camp and camp led by the Soviet Union rebuked each other. Due to irreconcilable differences with the United States'camp and the Soviet Union's disadvantageous position, finally, the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic and Poland refused to sign "peace treaty with Japan" .September 8 pm, the United States and Japan also signed a "US-Japan Security Treaty" which meant that the United States formally established the military alliance with Japan. In January 1952, furthermore, the two sides signed "the US-Japan Agreement"to put "US-Japan security treaty" into effect. The two sides mainly focused on the problems of the right of the U.S. military bases, jurisdiction, and allied commander. Eventually, "the US-Japan Agreement" signed by the two sides strengthened the US-Japan's principal and subordinate relations.Although Treaty of Peace with Japan was signed, Japan did not sign the peace treaty with China. This problem became increasingly prominent. On the China issue, Yoshida government took the postponing policy of"waiting for change quietly", which made the United States and the Taiwan authorities unhappy. On the December of 1951, Dulles visited Tokyo in the fourth times. He told Yoshida that if Japan would not sign treaty with Taiwan Authorities, the Senate would refused to ratify"San francisco Peace Treaty". Then Yoshida had no choice but to announce"Yoshida Letter", which expressed it would signed treaty with Taiwan. In February 1952, Taiwan-Japanese Treaty negotiations started. Two parties argued about the name of the treaty, the Allies right, serve compensation and the scope of application of the treaty. Finally taken adwantage of psychology of China without union and treaty with Taiwan, Japan got much benefit, including exemption from compensation. And the Negotiations of Japan and Taiwan had also contributed to make the Senate of US approve"San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan"and the"US-Japan Security Treaty". In April 28, when"Japan-Taiwan Peace Treaty"was signed,"San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan"and"US-Japan Security Treaty"were in force. It marked the San Francisco peacemaking mode was established completely.San Francisco peacemaking had the pros and cons to Japan. In the short run, Japan allied itself with America and got support and help from it. In addition, Japan resolved contradictions with the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines and other countries to a certain degree. Later, on the basis of San Francisco peacemaking Japan resumed diplomatic relations with these countries and trade activities. At the same time, it was helpful for Japan to develop Southeast Asian market. But in a long run, it was adverse to Japanese development. San Francisco peacemaking affected the relations of Japan and Soviet Union. Espeselly the territory problems became the biggest obstacles to relations of the two countries. As for Sino-Japanese relations, as People's Republic of China was excluded from San Francisco Peace meeting, it deteriorated the bilateral relations. Especially Japan-China peace Treaty was signed, it made the relations of Japan and Taiwan become more closer, but the Sino-Japanese relations had gradually distanced. Until the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1972, the adverse effects of the San Francisco peacemaking eventually disappeared.