Spiritual Atlas Of "the Origin Of Human"

Object relations theory is one of the main genres of modern psychoanalysis, including a set of similar theories. There is still disputation on bound of object relations theory. Summarizing the opinions of different researchers, the fundamental character of object relations theory consists in believing that in essence human is sociality. The demand for relation forms individual's basic motive. Object relations figure heart vestiges of individual's past human relationship with current mutual-activity character, and affect human activity in real world. Object relations theory attaches importance to the research on subjective spiritual world of babies younger than 3 years, discusses the influence of mother-infant relation on individual's personality development, and outline the spiritual atlas of"The Origin of Human".With the background of orthodox psychoanalysis and the comparison with other school of modern psychoanalysis, you can exactly understand object relations theory. The problems it researched and the research objects it focused on do not break away from the scope of psychoanalysis. It makes individual's spirit, environment, body and their relations as the basic point of research. Furthermore, it seeks for a kind of balance among the three. The relation between spirit and body means body-mind. Object relations theory commonly holds the standpoint of dualism, emphasizes on mentalistic independency, and thinks that it's no need to revert psychological phenomena to innate physical factors like instinct, because psychological phenomena itself can explain its development. The relation between spirit and environment means the relation between inner world and external world. This division is a premise of psychoanalysis theory. The challenge it brings forward for object relations theory, which means how to distinguish self and others, how to form individual's sociality. Different object relations theorists hold different opinions on it. The relation between environment and body means which is more important between innate diathesis and postnatal environment. Object relations theorists hole approximately the same standpoint: the environment represented by object is more important. Although different theorists have different understanding of object, they all believe that object relation is the key factor influencing personality development.Object relations theory is also influenced by the description and explanation of psychoanalysis. The former one means the description of subjective world content, to see"my"subjective experience through"my"point of view. The latter one uses Objectivation method to explain, analyze subjective experience, to see"my"subjective experience through"his"point of view. The research of subjective experience content forms the character of object relation theory.Through this it amplifies seven dimensionalities, such as human nature, instinct, object, development, psychological structure, psychopathology and the model of therapy, which are used to analyze the ideology of different objective relation theorists. Commonly think that there are four representative objective relation theorists: Klein, who pays attention to babies'internal spiritual world and internal objective relation; Fairbairn, who bring forward true objective relation theory; Winnicott, who believe that mother-infant relation plays an important role in personality development; Kernberg, who want to conform Florida instinct pattern and relation pattern of objective relation school in England. If you know the four theorists'ideology, you will understand the skeleton of modern objective relation theory.Klein is a transitional (but not unimportant) objective relation theorist, which embodies in her emphasis on the importance of object, but at the same time, she does not abandon Florida's instinct theory. Klein disagrees with Florida's theory of dissevering instinct from object. She believes that id and instinct are connected together. The earliest object is the breast of mother. Baby will cast his id to this object, no matter libido or aggressive. Then through a series of function of psychology mechanism, liken inner-radiation, split, cast identification, construct a colorful unconscious fantasy world. Klein believes that individual development does not make linearity order, such as oral stage, anal stage, and phallic stage as its character. However, it uses the combination of comparatively steady anxiety, defense which is formed by different object relations to symbolize. She uses mental position to call this relatively steady combination and brings forward two combination forms: paranoid-schizoid position and depressive position. The former one is shaped by part object, while the latter one is shaped by whole object. Individual development is the result of alternation between these two mental positions. Comparatively speaking, Klein pays attention to baby's subjective world, but ignores real environment. The other great contribution of Klein is to develop play therapy, and use it as a tool to understand infant's unconscious world. Using this method, she discovers some psychological phenomena that are ignored by former people, and puts forward many creative visions. Klein regards psychological turbulence as the result of"harsh internalized object"and self"inner tyrant". The treatment is to analyze and explain these problems when patients empathically bring forth to therapist.Fairbairn is a true objective relation theorist. The true means he consciously discard Florida's instinct theory. Florida splits instinct energy with structure, and believes that human are animals seeking for instinct satisfaction. Fairbairn thinks the two hypotheses are wrong, energy and structure are indivisibility. In essence, human is social, seeking for the contact with others forms the essential drive of human action. Fairbairn also believes that since born, individual has have a core self existence. When the basic need for the relation between self and others is obstructed, this core self will internalize bad object in order to control it mentally. Through a series of primitive defense effect, finally self and object representation will split, which forms different personality structure. Fairbairn also puts forward relation theory about human development. He disagrees with Florida's opinion of sexual development phase, which held a leading position at that time, but lists a mature order which focuses on relation, not reduces instinct tension. He pays high attention to early mother-infant relation and the function of"dependence"(child to mother) in"relation". On the basis of Fairbairn theory, each child experiences three developing phases: infant dependent phase, transitional phase, mature dependent phase. On therapy theory, Fairbairn believes that alterative happening dose not lie in arising apperception, but changing human-associated ability. Patients have the ability to establish relationship with analyst in a new way, which makes them more adaptable in real life. This opinion has great influence on modern psychological treatment.After Freud, Winnicott is recognized as the theorist who has the greatest influence on psychoanaysis. This influence dose not means that he puts forward precise system info, but the practice field. With his abundant analyzing practice and keen insight, Winnicott puts forward the importance of mother's nurture style to personality development. He does not believe that when baby is born, she has a self existence, but regards the community of mother and child as the starting point of personality development. In this situation, baby has a kind of omnipotent fantasy, and believes that this world is created by him. With mother's attention transferred to her, baby begins to realize that he and his mother are separate, and gradually gives birth to real experience, possesses the ability of real inspection. Winnicott emphasizes the effect of mother-nurture way. He believes that good nursing way helps to form child's true self, while bad nursing way will result in false self, moreover he will has psychological problems. He notices that in the process from subjective omnipotent experience to practical experience, there is a transition, which sometimes is symbolized by transitional object. Transition is the headspring of individual creativity, which is symbolized by play, literature and art. Winnicott also make great contribution to play therapy. He not only regards play as a tool to understand child's sub consciousness, but also believes that play itself has remedial function. Kernberg is the main representative of modern America object relation.His ideology mix Florida's instinct pattern, ideology of England object relation school and child's developing theory of America ego psychologist together, at last forms conformed object relation theory. This conformity behaves that not only admit the importance of object relation theory, but also not deny the position of instinct, believing that both play an important role in different stages of individual development. The speciality of Kernberg's ideology lies in that he attributes the origin of instinct drive to object relation, not the opposite. The other great contribution of Kernberg is the intensive analysis for borderline disorder. He classifies its structure, and look on special types of symptom, recovery and psychological disorder in the point of view of interior object relation.Object relation theory carries out the transformation of psychoanalysis from the model of instinct/drive to the model of relation; in psychopathology, it also changes conflict model to deficit model; in psychotherapy, it pays more attention to the relation between visitor here and analyst. These changes brought by object relation theory, not only widen psychoanalytic theory, but also increase its applied areas. As a result, it becomes one of the mainstreams in modern psychoanalysis. But at the same time, the narrow understanding of relation, and the dispute of method which is to describe pre-language child's heart using language token, also makes it oppugned by researchers.