Mongolia Policy In The Late Ming Explore

The diplomatic policies towards Mongolia in the northern China of Ming dynasty were mainly directed at the right and left sides of Monan Mongolia(漠南蒙古) since Wanli years(万历) to the collapse of the Ming dynasty.As the change of the situation,the rulers of Ming had to make the subtle strategic adjustments on the policies towards the right side of the Monan Mongolia,but the basic principles in Longqing years (隆庆) were still kept well.On the constrast,the policies towards the left side of Monan Mongolia continued to be changed since Wanli years and its later periods,some tactics established in Wanli in particular directly caused the important impact in the Tianqi(夭启) and Chongzhen years (崇祯).After the Post-jin(后金) force rose,the rulers of Ming felt very passive against its strong attacks.Especially when knowing Post-jin insistently hooked in and pacificated Mongolia,Ming's government had to repeatedly rectify the policies towards the left side of Mongolia in order to contain and antagonize the force of Post-jin.But the history tells us the tribes of Mongolia eventually submitted to the Post-jin in succession.As the main helpers,the Mongolian troops under the direction of its leading force Post-jin,overthrew the governing of Ming dynasty for three hundred years.Systematic and profound study of the Ming's diplomatic policies towards Mongolia could help us to further our understanding of its vibration and disaccording,comprehend the nonfeasance and corruption of Ming dynasty,and catch on the foresight and wise of Nurhachi(努尔哈赤) and HuangTaiji(皇太极) of Post-jin as the main representatives of the newly rising political forces dealing the relations with Mongolia.The emphasis of the dissertation is to discuss the important impact of the policy factors on the Ming and Mongolia since Wanli years to the end of the Ming dynasty.The first chapter,Introduction of Diplomatic Policies towards Mongolia of Ming in Jialong years,consulting and absorbing the former scholars' studies,discusses the migration and distribution of the lift and right sides of Mongolia since DaYanHan(达延汗) years of Mongolia. This chapter analyzes the confrontation of right side of Mongolia to the Ming's government and constructs the true story of "An-da search for tribute"(俺答求贡).At the same time,focusing on the formation of "Longqing Negotiation"(隆庆和议),this chapter systematically delineates the history of Ming-Mongolia from the wars of many years to the economic interaction and trade,which as the lightest spot in the relations of Ming and Mongolia,catered for the trend of times and promoted the political and cultural communication in both sides.But as un-tolerance and short-sight to the left side of Mongolia,the rulers of Ming implemented the policy of "Refusal of Tribute"(拒贡),giving the space for the adjustment of Ming's policy towards Mongolia as well as the cost would be paid in the later years.The second chapter,the Change of Ming's Policies towards Mongolia in Wanli Years,discusses the strategic subtle adjustments made by Ming towards the right side of Mongolia and the change of "Refusal of Tributes"(拒贡) towards the left side of Mongolia.Probing the historical materials,the author analyzes the policy of "Ni Ge Shun Shang"(逆革顺赏) implemented by Emperor Shenzong(神宗) of Ming and noticed that this action basically decided the policies towards Mongolia of later Ming dynasty and caused the un-neglected negative influences.The third chapter,the Change of Liaodong Situation and the Trend of Ming's Policies towards Mongolia,focuses on the Liaodong areas, which made the key position in the later history of Ming dynasty.It may be said that protection of Liaodong is equal to protection of Ming dynasty. Through the study of Dufu Jinglue(督抚经略) governing Liaodong Area in late Ming and the change of Ming's policies towards Mongolia,the author analyzes what the rising Post-jin has made on the Ming's diplomatic policies towards Mongolia and the profound reasons for Ming's losing the Liaodong Area.The fourth chapter,Policies of Tianqi Years towards Mongolia and its Effect,studies the history in which Emperor Xizong(熹宗) of Ming and his officials adjusted the Fu Shang Policy(抚赏政策)for the Mongolian tribes and used them as the containing force to confront with attack from Post-jin.In this part,the author also discusses some effective ways used by Post-jin to hook in Mongolian government,which was more pragmatic than the ways of Ming's rulers.The fifth chapter,the Diplomatic Policies towards Mongolia and its Effect in Chongzhen Years,investigates the illegibility and vibration when Emperor Chonezhen made the policies towards the Cha-haer tribe(察哈尔部落) of the left side of Mongolia,analyzes the important function played by the senior official Wang Xiang-qian(王象乾) in the policy-making towards Mongolia,and ascribes the reasons for the failure of Ming's diplomacy towards Mongolia to the political,economic and personal factors.The concluding part furthers to induct,analyze and synthesize the changes of diplomatic policies towards Mongolia of late Ming dynasty and its success and failures.