Research On Appellations Of "Four Satirical Novels" In The Late Qing Dynasty

"The True Colors of the Officialdom", "Strange Things in the Past Twenty Years", "Nie Hai Hua", and "Lao Can's Travel Notes" are representative works in the literature in the late Qing dynasty. "They exposed lied and wicked things and persons, strictly impeached, or expanded the current politics described customs." So they are named "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels by Luxun. They are mainly written in the colloquial forms in the late Qing dynasty, which reflect the latter Qing dynasty society condition, are important language materials that we study language in the late Qing dynasty. The linguistic materials of the dissertation are words and phrases of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels. The dissertation describes the features of Chinese appellations systems in the late Qing dynasty and analyzes the specific appellations phenomena by research on appellations characteristics of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty, which reveals the pragmatics' functions and principles of appellations. While we describe the synchronic phenomena, we are also seeking the lasted development evolution. The folk appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the Late Qing Dynasty not only are the successive and continual ancient Chinese and modern Chinese folk appellations but also lay directly the foundation for contemporary Chinese appellations systems. But the social appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the Late Qing Dynasty have great changed, which have obvious contemporarities. In the course of the study, the dissertation analyzes appellations systems in "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty novels, which is based on contemporary linguistic theory, absorbed in traditional primary scholarship.The dissertation consists of six parts.Chapter One is "Prolegomenon". It discusses the survey on Chinese appellations. As a kind of language phenomena, appellations are one kind of expression interpersonal network relations symbolism essentially, including the folk appellations and the social appellations. Meanwhile we think that research on appellations in the special book is the essential link of Chinese history. And then we discuss research value, research overview on appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty, combined with background and language characteristic of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty. We designate the research scope and use the methods including unified the quota statistics with the qualitative analysis, unified the synchronic with the lasted research, unified the static with the dynamic research, and compared research. We analyze appellations of "Four Satirical Novels "in the late Qing dynasty from language, cultural, society's angle of view.Chapter Two is "The Survey on Appellations of 'Four Satirical Novels'in the Late Qing Dynasty". It discusses from two aspects of types and originations. As a whole appellations are divided into the folk appellations and the social appellations. According to China patriarchal society's characteristic, the folk appellations are divided into the paternal line, the wife line, the husbands and wives' line. And then it has carried on the classification to the social appellations according to the linguistic unit, the semantic content, the applicable scope, the objects' quantity and the words' constitution. In the second section, it discusses originations of appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty: appellations from the historical literary reference because of special needs to perform the utilization; appellations from myth fables; appellations from the history inherits; appellations from new words in the course of human communication; appellations from ancient informal name; appellations from dialect or minority language; appellations from foreign language.Chapter Three is "The Research on Meanings of Appellations of 'Four Satirical Novels'in the Late Qing Dynasty". The rational meanings are manifested directly in the folk appellations, relatively, indirectly in the social appellations. There are many literary referent appellations, borrowing appellations or metaphor appellations which rational meanings are unable directly from the morpheme or the word meaning, are able indirectly from related or similar association. The meanings of appellations of 'Four Satirical Novels'in the late Qing dynasty reflect varying degrees on emotional color, national color, stylistic color, color of times, dialect color and image color. These colors of appellations enhance the appellations' expressive force, meet human communications, and realize the intention which the author expresses. In the word meaning classifications it discusses synonymy, antonyms, polysemys, sequences, the same morpheme's words. The chapter analyzes the main causes of developing new meanings from society, cognition and vocabulary system. And then it discusses the types of meanings' derivation-similarity derivation, interrelated derivation, custom derivation, specific derivation and it discusses the results of derivation. At last, it analyzes the evolution of the colorful meaning. Chapter Four is "The Social and Cultural Research on Appellations of 'Four Satirical Novels'in the Late Qing Dynasty". This chapter discussed the folk appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty and the Chinese traditional social culture. The folk appellations are to the family member and the related relative's appellations, which reflect people's relative blood relationship. In China, the ingrained patriarchal clan - family's extension causes that the blood relationship kindred system's basic structure has maintained invariable, which reflects in the language is the folk appellations' relative stabilization. On the other hand, we can also see Chinese traditional culture which they reflected from research on the folk appellations of " Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty. And then this chapter analyzes the social appellations of "Four Satirical Novels "in the late Qing dynasty and social culture in the late Qing dynasty including politics, economy, imperial civil service examination, marketplace, religion, positional culture. It has completed from the cultural angle of view to research on appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty.Chapter Five is "The Pragmatics Research on Appellations of 'Four Satirical Novels'in the Late Qing Dynasty". The appellations are the interpersonal network relations' symbolism. Only when the appellations are combined with the concrete linguistic environment can they display the function which the mark has. The appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty have the pragmatics' functions ,including the public relations' directive function, the people vivid description's function and the showing emotional function. These functions are inseparable with the concrete linguistic environment. Meanwhile, in the novels people use appellations following the pragmatics' principles including the emotional principle, the respecting principle and the grade principle, which they are not isolated, sometimes they have effects together. But people mostly give up he emotional principle or the respecting principle, follow the grade principle in the usage of the appellations. On the base of these principle, the usage of the appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty is restricted by the authors' subjective creations, the communicational goal, the status, the occupation, the situation and so on. So it causes supernormal usage of the appellations which both sides role are not symmetric. The supernormal usage of the appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty displays in the exchange of semantic fields and the utilization of rhetoric. These supernormal usage has the damn function. The pragmatics research on appellations of 'Four Satirical Novels'in the Late Qing Dynasty, we can see language characteristic of "Satirical Novels'-"They exposed lied and wicked things and persons, strictly impeached, or expanded the current politics described customs", "Although decides on a theme lies in the current world, resembles with the ironical novels".Chapter Six is "The Comparative Research on Appellations of 'Four Satirical Novels'in the Late Qing Dynasty and Appellations in Modern Chinese". Firstly the comparative research on folk appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty and folk appellations in modern Chinese. The folk appellations are a strict system and have the relative stability in the development. On the other hand, we can see their difference that some ancient words in the folk appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty do not use in modern Chinese; some folk appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty do not appear in modern Chinese with social system's transformation, social structure, diplomatic relation and life style change; some polysemys' meanings in folk appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty have changed; the folk appellations in modern Chinese present the monosyllable note from the syllable. Secondly, the comparative research on social appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty and social appellations in modern Chinese. Because the social appellations have the bright contemporaneity, they have taken great changes. These mainly display in some aspects: some social appellations of " Four Satirical Novels " in the late Qing dynasty disappear; some social appellations obtain but meanings have changed; the general appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty have official tendency while the general appellations in modern Chinese have non-official tendency."Conclusion" summarizes the main contents of the study and obtains the understanding and the inspiration including itself characteristic of appellations, special pragmatics' functions on appellations of "Four Satirical Novels" in the late Qing dynasty; their status in glossary history.