The Study On The Han Scholars In The Northern Wei Regime

When T'o-pa established the Northern Wei regime, from central to local levels of administration which are to Appointment the Han scholars.Han scholars who working in the Northern Wei Dynasty are very the object of this thesis.Whenever,the Northern Wei bureaucracy always need the assistance of Han scholars that help to their domination.For the Han scholars,they can maintain their social prestige depending on their superiority of culture and family,however,they must submit to the reality and developped political cooperation with Northern Wei bureaucracy for their Political interests.Overall,the cooperation bentween Northern Wei regime and Han scholars was meet to the both interests.actually,cooperation between Han scholars and North Wei dynasty was the mainstream. The Northern Wei power was estabished by t'o-pa when the turmoil which starting in the sixteen states period continued, by reason of this, Han scholars and the combination of the Northern Wei regime while displaying a trend of stages. For the above reasons,the thesis based on the chronological division and analyzed the Han scholars that containing their holding posts, political status and political activities.By these analysis,we holp that it is useful for people to understand the collaboration process between Han scholars and t'o-pa and the nature of North Wei regime.The thesis determine the time frame from the estabilishment of North Wei power(396) to the emperor xiao-wu's escaping to the Shaanxi(534).In the specific analysis,it is contains six chapters.Chapter 1:This chapter is definition and description of study. As a social group, the Han scholars have their group identity and group structure.Firstly,Han scholars seemed to be a cultural,social and political group.In northern Wei,the knowledge strcture of Han scholars showed the Confucian classic knowledge-based which didn't ignore other knowledge. The advantage of knowledge and enshrinement to Confucian concept made them win local people's respect and support, which accumulated a profound social impact. Cultural training and social prestige have laid a solid foundation for the Han scholars into the bureaucratic system, obtain official position was conducive to maintaining the dignity of their identity, Thus, the Han scholars and bureaucracy are closely relationship. In the context of aristocratic society,the formation of characteristics of Han scholars also clsoed to the outlook on family status which made the group structure of the Han scholar showing hierarchical. In the selection of bureaucratic,Northern Wei government inplemented the Ninth-class Official System. The rural grade of Han scholars which is the basis for granting official by Northern Wei was assessed by the Zhong-zheng, scholars in Different levels, the future of their political development are different. Outlook on family status was not only a social consciousness,but also it affected the relevant policies of the government among the Northern Wei Dynasty.Han scholars in higher social class is bound to become the major part of the bureaucracy,scholars in different digree was difficult to achieve mobility through the the promotion of office.Chapter 2: This chapter discussed the ways the Han people into the bureaucracy and their first official and related issues.For Han scholars,they had many ways into the government,but the Northern Wei government tend to absorb Han scholars taking different approach in different time.For example, in the early Northern Wei, Te-ke recruitment prevailed, however, after the late Northern Wei Dynasty, Han scholars through the Men-yin and knightfood entered the bureaucracy has become a major way.In the chapter,the first official representation to Han scholar was anthor concern.On the one hand,the acquisition of started official to Han scholars have related to the political development of Northern Wei.Before the reformation of emperor xiao-wen,the started official to Han scholars were most civil service which was fixed in most cases such as zhong-shu-bo-shi and mi-shu-zhong-san.however, after emperor xiao-wen,political system of Northern Wei have had chinese localization,thus the Han scholar got more diverse started officials which was similar to the southern dynasty.On the anthor hand, Northern Wei also join themselves to a large number of scholars from Southern Dynasties, Northern Wei government gave preferential treatment to them, as a part of these excellent treatment, generally,southern shcolars'started official were relatively hige digree.Chapter 3:In this chapter,we discuss the representation of the Han scholars in the Northern Wei Dynasty in the central government. By Emperor Xiaowen of reform as the threshold, we divided the whole of the Northern Wei regime into two periods,then,we analysed the representation of the Han scholars in the central government in early time and later time.first of all,as a background,we discussed the Northern Central Administrative Authority considerately,which containing its setting and change.secondly,we analyzed the representation of the Han scholar in the inner Chambers and external Chambers in early Northen Wei. Finally, we discuss the representation of Han scholar in three sheng system after the reform to emperor xiao-wen. Investigation of representation of the Han schlars mainly included the number of working of Han scholar and their positons. The results show that Han scholars underrepresented in early time and their position were not high,thus, their access to the power and political status was limited; In the late Northern Wei Han Scholar is a significant increase in representation, even accounting for the majority, also received a corresponding increase its power.however, the representation of the Han schlars was affected by non-Han political traditon and powerful family politics, Han scholars not only difficult to the highest executive power in charge, and their representation have also been restrictions on their family digeree.Chapter 4: In this chapter,we discuss the representation of the Han scholars in the Northern Wei Dynasty in the local government.In this chapter,we also divided the Northern Wei regime into two periods,on this basis,we analysed each period that the representation of local power of Han scholars which inchluding the numember of people, regional characteristics and general title when they were appointed as the local executive.Particularly, Han scholars as local governors often be associated with their native place,actually,it is a means of rallying the Han scholars.Besides,many Han scholars usually have been as genera clerk (liao-zuo) of local government, it was an important way to demonstrate their status and access to political power. When the Han scholars as the local Liaozuo , they formed a relatively diverse way of Official prompted the relocation.what's more,they had a greater influence on local politics, thus, governors are also often attach importance to the regulation of them.Chapter 5: This chapter discusses the political activities of the Han scholars in the central government in Northern Wei. In the early Northern Wei Dynasty, because the suppression of political power, the role of Han scholars are more limited in the central government, they were mainly responsible for the development of the system, participation in the proposed plan of militarism and the development of various instruments of militarism, which largely limited to staff levels. During the reign of Emperor Xiao-wen,empress Feng and emperor xiao-wen could reuse Han scholar,so Han scholars to be more specific and deeply involved in the central daily administration. After Emperor Xiaowen, Han scholars involved in daily administration, it has become the norm they were in charge of administrative power. Moreover, a large number of Han scholars also participated in the military campaign against actions, which means to further enhance their political status. In addition to participation in administrative matters, Han scholars also occupies a leading position in the ritual system design, preparation of national history and government schools and education services. These activities are critical to the concept of Han scholars to infiltrate the political culture of the Northern Wei non-Han regime.Chapter 6: This chapter discusses the political activities of the Han scholars in the local government in Northern Wei. As the Chief Executive or the local Liaozuo, Han scholars focus on the areas of management and construction economy, law and order, local customs and culture and education. On the economic front, the Han scholars urge local people to do the daily agricultural production in general, and at the local natural disasters or social upheaval, they can also actively organized the relief of the people. In the maintenance of local stability, the Han scholars to focus on its governance as against robbers, and they also noted the geographical environment in different regions, different social structure, in order to adopt different measures. In education, the Han Chinese scholars to actively promote filial piety, by the way Commendation men-lv encourage private charity. Moreover, the Han scholars also note that the construction of schools, ban prostitution Temple, through these measures to improve and guide the local customs. In short, as governors, Han scholars on the one hand able to carry out the principles and policies of the state, on the other hand actively and faithfully, in the course of specific treatment can result due to the situation, play their initiative. In addition, as local Liaozuo, Han scholars can fully participate in local affairs, and actively respond to local political turmoil, they has played an important role in the operation of local politics.