Transforms The Borderland Into Inland

In minority area, the establishing of administrative divisions and the local management system are different from the inland. The crux of the matter is not the above reason, but the space contact and collision among different local management systems.Wu-ling Mountain Area is located at the boundaries of Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou provinces and the Chongqing Municipality, which is historically a multi-ethnic place mixed with Tujia, Miao minorities and Han. The Study on Local Administrative System in Ming and Qing Dynasties relate to mountain exploring, the managing of minorities and so on, which has important historical and realistic significance.The exordium contains three segments. The first segment reviews the process of the studies on regional history about China; point out the region is a result and key on the revealing of construction process. The second segment shows that the processing local administrative system is related with tax and corvee, mountain exploring and son on, and the study on local administrative system ought to come back to circumstance making integral investigation. The third segment shows the article's ideas, structure and keynote.The first part introduces the environment of Wu-ling Mountain Area, then shows Ming dynasty's system with the focus of area controlling, to prove that by opening post roads and setting defense places, the government presses the controlling and supervision against the headman of minority, which is also helpful to safeguarding the county.The second part makes a research on the processing of Ming dynasty's chieftain system with the focus on central and local government. The application to chieftain system's localization is a motive historical process, which is settled and standardized with the relationship between the central and local government, and finally step into the danger.The third part will take Rongmei Tusi as an example discussing the transforming process of Qing dynasty's chieftain system. During the late Ming and the early Qing period and the upsurge of Wu-Sangui, the headman of minority existed between them, and tried to expand the territory to near headman and counties. After the emperor of Jia-jing in Ming dynasty, although met with many obstacles, Rongmei Tusi peaked into climax in the middle and later Qian-long emperor with the operation of several generations' Tian family members. In the contrast, Qing dynasty's capability of controlling the headman of minorites is powerful. In the end, the headman of Tianmin couldn't follow the "Gai Tu Gui Liu"a system of appointing headmen changed into the system of appointing on the move by the central government's situation and abolished. From that time on, the "Gai Tu Gui Liu" movement in Wu-ling Mountain area were achieved and ended with Rongmei Tusi's collapse.The fourth part took the two defense places "Jiuxi and Yongding" and the setting of "Anfu and Yongding"as an example, shows the county administrative system's application to Wuling mountain area, pointing out Wei-Suo system has the significance of controlling in army, managing local area and minority governance.The fifth part pays attention to the space collision among different local administrative system with the focus of tax and corvee. And then take Rongmei Tusi discuss the collision between chieftain and counties on tax and corvee, makes that the tax and corvee system was very significant t in Ming and Qing dynasties' local administrative system transforming. Then it will take Cili and Shimen to analyze the collision between defense places and counties on tax and corvee. Political mess, differences in country duties lead to kinds of defects and disputes in local administrative. With the above question solved, local administrative system precedes its adjustments and changes.The sixth part begin with the local area's tax and corvee system before and after "Gai Tu Gui Liu", analyzing the significance of keeping the tax and corvee between Han and headman of minority. With the exploring of mountain area, "Gai Tu Gui Liu"'s society basis are gradually completed in the middle and late time of Kang-xi emperor. The changes lead by "Gai Tu Gui Liu" happened on the background of increasing population pressing, which implicated the Hakkas' entry into Wu-ling mountain to explore and is helpful to make local governor consolidate kinds of systems.In the end, the article point out that the processing of local administrative system, the tax and corvee's improving and the application to the county system are the results of the stimulating of mountain area's development.