Gannan Tibetan And Chinese History Of Bilingual Education Research And Development

Globalization and integration, as a world trend that can't impede already has quickly seeped through every corner in the world. Thus the world steps into global ages without national boundaries. In this global age, multinational countries in the world have all been facing the dilemma between promoting the multicultural development of minorities and the worrying that it leads to abruption of the nation. The diversified conflict and antinomy between the national integration and the diversities of minorities' cultures has imposed great challenge on modern education. Language education has become the very urgent problem needed to be solved in multinational and multi-langual countries. To solve the problem, bilingual education has become an inevitable wise choice.Multinationality, multilingual and cultural diverses have been the reality in China. China faces the dilemma as the other countries with multinationality. On the one hand it needs to maintain national unity and on the other hand it also hopes to achieve diversities of minorities'cultures. Education should make minorities integrate into main stream modern society though common language learning and in the meantime it also needs to reserve minorities'traditional cultures through learning minorities' languages and culture. Bilingual education is a measure to maintain national unity and to assure the solidarity among minorities. It is also an objective demand for minorities to adapt themselves into the multicultural society.Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, called as the hallway of inner China and Tibetan areas, lies in the eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, connecting with the inner China areas to its east and Tibetan regions to the west. As professor Fei Xiaotong said, "Gannan is the gangplank of Tibetan modernization", historically it inhabited by ancient minorities. There has existed Tibetan-Chinese bilingual phenomenon since ancient times. Since 1949, Tibetan-Chinese bilingual education in school has developed greatly. However, along with the globalization and the integration of the world and the development of Local Reform and implementation of Western Development Strategy, Tibetan society in Gannan has sharply changed and minority people there are facing with dilemma choices. They try to integrate themselves into modern civilization and in the meantime they worry to lose their traditional language and culture in modern world. Hence, Tibetan-Chinese bilingual education in school will face many new problems. It is very urgent to establish some strategies through theoretical research.Following theoretical models of cultural anthropology and culture materialism, and combined with "emic" and "etic" research methods, this paper expounds the history and the characteristics of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual education in Gannan from; the aspects of culture evolution. Based on field research, the paper adopts comprehensive research methods of cultural anthropology, pedagogy, psychology, history to interpret social significance of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual education. It also makes thorough analysis of some practical problems of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual education in Gannan through the angles of common features and the differences of human culture in global ages, and on the bases of historical and present condition analysis, estimates its development trend, then puts forward some strategies for the future development.The paper consists of four parts. The first part is an introduction, it discusses background, the aims and purpose of the study, elaborates the general plan, research methods and the overview of related achievements.The second part includes two chapters, chapter two and three. Chapter two discusses the development of educational ecosystem environments in Gannan, elaborates the historical evolution and the main characteristics in different stages of minorities education since Qing Dynasty in the area.Chapter three elaborates the historical evolution of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual phenomenon in Gannan and the characteristics in different stages from Xianqin to Qing Dynasty through the cultural interaction between ancient clans of Qiang, Di, Tuyuhun, Tubo and Chinese or ancient China dynasties. It also discusses the development of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in Gannan since Qing Dynasty.The third part consists of one chapter, chapter four, is the local viewpoints.Based on field research and the interview data of different interviewees in six primary and junior high schools, chapter four presents the local culture Owners" main attitudes and standpoints towards Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in Gannan through the "emic" research methods of cultural anthropology.The Fourth part consists of four chapters, "etic" research. This part expounds the researcher's interpretations of owners'different attitudes and viewpoints towards Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in the area, the theoretical analysis of the mode and the theoretical analysis of influential factors of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education, and thinking of future development strategies through some cultural anthropology theories.Chapter five induces owners'different attitudes and viewpoints towards whether it is necessary to implement Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in the region. It elaborates the researcher's Arguments for the implementation of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in the region with the cultural anthropology theories and dialectical materialism.Chapter six expounds the mode evaluation of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in the region through aspects of theoretical foundation, goal of education, operational procedure and implementing strategy.Chapter seven details the analysis of influential factors and conditions of Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in the region from social culture ecosystem environment, geographical and the economy ecosystem environment, current education resources.Based on previous analysis, Chapter eight analyzes the general trend of culture and society development in the region and estimates the possible challenges or opportunities will be faced to develop Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in global ages with standpoint of harmonious development between the "nation integration" and "cultures diversities".It is no doubt that there is objective necessity to implement Tibetan-Chinese bilingual school education in gannan. With great social public foundation, it is a kind of objective demand and also a political consideration to realize the harmonious development of "nation unity with culture diverse".