Study Of The Institutional Evolution Of The Principle Of Mutual Benefit

Ascribing the complexity of studying institution to institution itself rather than lie on the social ideal that investigators hold. This phenomena has appeared every subject which relates to institutional study. Although the purposes and the methods of every subject are different, every school of theory researches two questions essentially: one is the origin of institution, the other is the evolution of institution. Concerning the origin of institution, the majority of the west are, in a different degree, inclined to transcendental hypothesis except Friedrich Engels did a systematic research in Der Ursprung Der Familie, Des Privateigentums Und Des Staats. That's to say, the former evaded the origin of efficiency while being absorbed in the efficiency of institution such as property right, and the latter gave a description of hominid institution other than discuss the predacious evolution of institution. What the majority of the west advocate the paramount from efficiency to the rights of the individual doesn't surpass the fair category, but it would be likely to destroy the efficiency base which the rights of individual depends on to advocate the rights of individual to a fault. Friedrich Engels didn't distinguish strictly between public power relying on the fair and state power though he had revealed the course in which the state came into being. The majority of the west encounter the same problem. The old institutionalism didn't bring forward a general principle of the evolution of institution though it had adopted a macrostudy method. In fact, it is very important for the new institutionalism to grasp the general principle of the evolution of institution which is the guide to research the concrete one. But exactly, the new institutionalism lacks the general principle of the evolution of institution regrettably, which was confined to the method that the new institutionalism possessed.The new institutionalism makes use of the standard of efficiency which depends on transaction cost to judge the performance of all kinds of institutions, yet it doesn't lucubrate the relation between institution cost and transaction cost, which results in the blurry connotation of the definition of transaction cost and the bottleneck of the measurement of the transaction cost and reduces the practical value of transaction cost greatly. Every institution expends some resource while impersonally existing or evolving. There are some unsolved problems for the new institutionalism : How to weigh the validity of the resources that maintain the operation of the institution? What relation between the resource expenditure and the institution cost, transaction cost? How to combine the resource expenditure with the evolution of institution primely? These problems not only relate to thedirection of the evolution of institution, but also relate to the object that the institution serves, which is a problem of relation between the evolution of institution and the realization of social responsibility in the final analysis. Although most of the majority of the west avoid the ethic judgement on the study of institution to the utmost, it is necessary for us to research further the institution existence while the institution is evolving, which involves necessarily the relation between the principle of the evolution of institution and social responsibility. That is to say, we are likely to find the part of the institution which makes against the realization of social responsibility when we use social responsibility to test for the established institution.Based on the problems that have been debated above, according to the order of the chapters, this paper possibly obtains the creative theory which mostly includes some aspects below:Firstly, a dialectical analysis of relation between individual interest and mutual benefit. Based on Textual Criticism, the author deems that individual interest not only is the base of the individual right, but also is the soul of the individual and the social efficiency. Whatever complete rationality...