Nation And Society: Research On The Vicissitude Of City Management Organization And The Law System In Qing Dynasty

With the economical globalization advancement, the city is playing a more and more important role. China at present is in time of the urbanization at a high speed development, we also face a more and more arduous duty of the city management. Speed up the city management organizational reform,and comprehensively raise the city management level, which have already become a big topic that we have to face earnestly. While we are introducing vigorously the advanced managerial experience, the idea and movement mechanism from the western developed countries, we must be good at studying and profiting from the city management experience and lesson of our history, and raise the city management level.If we donot understand the history of the city management, we'll be difficulty in grasping and understanding the city municipal administration, the economy and the social management and so on.Since the Qing Dynasty city management holds the important status in the Chinese city management history, which plays the role that links the preceding with the following. No doubt it has important practical significance to research the Qing Dynasty city management.However, currently the academic researches on city management in Qing Dynasty are quite weak,and the existing Qing Dynasty city history researches are mainly carried on from the angle of the monomer and district cities, these researches with the properties of the individual cases are more concentrations in economical field, social field, but the studies in the city management aspect are few, especially lacking of the researches of macroscopic cross discipline. Based on this, this article, from the angle of city history, takes the national and society's relations as the master line, the comprehensively utilizes the history, the economics, the sociology and the legal science and some related discipline theories, conducts the whole research on the vicissitude of the city management organization and the legal system in Qing Dynasty of China. Not only it has grasped the main contents of city management in Qing Dynasty,but also highlighted the society's basic characteristic- "change" in Qing Dynasty of China.This article firstly outlines the city management and the legal system before Qing Dynasty. In the ancient time of China, the city was the the political administration center and the military center that the ruling clique had effective dominant, the city management was an important way that the ruler governed people. In order to consolidate the centralization rule,governers carefully established the rule organization which each level clearly demarcated and related to the city management from the top downward; and drew up a series of law system that was related to the city management. But the key point that government managed the city lied in the household register, the public security and the tax revenue and so on,which were relational to stablize the feudal dynasty rule order, but for the city's infrastructure, the life servicing facility construction and all the public utilities management,were extremely careless, or tubed very few, and also the effect was not high. In this kind of situation, the basic-level organization of the semi-official and semi-folk undertook many functions of city management. Therefore, the China ancient city management performanced a kind of uninion of the government management and the folk autonomous management. In the aspect of the city managenment organization, besides all levels of places management structure, there were also the autonomy archery target semi-official and semi-folk organization; and also has some certain complexity in the legal system:Has the national law system, Has the folk law system. The city management and the legal system before Qing Dynasty were the foundation and premise of vicissitude of the city management and the legal system in Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty is the last dynasty of feudal society in China, its city management system ,compared with other dynasty before, has had some changes. In the early and midist peried of the Qing Dynasty, the city's quantity increased, the population increased, the economy developed, the city management organization and the legal system had no alternative but to change. This kind of change manifested the transformation of national law system. While Qing Dynasty were extremely strengthening feudalism autocracy system and city control, according to the actual situation of the society's development and populace's demand,also adopted some positive measures to reduce the people's burden, to impetus social economy development, to safeguard the lives of the people in aspect of the city's economy and the social management. But in the Qing Dynasty, the nation lacked the institutional city management organizations and the law regulations in whole. In this kind of situation, the city's guild, the charitable organization and some folk organization massively appeared, and undertaken many cities management functions, massive folks law regulaotions also came out along with it. The folk organization therefore undertook many functions of city management, which was not only the result that city economy society developed in the early and midist peried of the Qing Dynasty, but also was the results that the country adjusted policy law according to the change of the city social economy,which reflected one kind of interaction relations between nation and society.Compared with the early and midist peried of the Qing Dynasty, the late Qing Dynasty city management system had a bigger change. After opening the port trades, the urban economy developed further, the population increased, inevitably requested the city management system to make a corresponding adjustment; At the same time, the introduction of the western modern city management system also provided with the demonstration for China the city management system transformation. This kind of transformation manifested the following several aspects:One was that after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, the top-down city management system transformation which led by the government began to start. On the one hand,it displayed one kind of new being organization that was similar to the city management police started to establish; On the other hand, a series of city management law formulated by the central authorities or the police organization started to promulgate and execute. The establishment of police organization transmitted the information that state power seepaged to the basic unit society in a large scale. It replaced many responsibilities from the hand of the past folk organization.Two was that the folk organization undertook more city management functions. After marching into late Qing Dynasty, the folk organization further increased, on the one hand,some traditional folk organizations like guild, charitable organization and so on,massively increased, on the other hand, with the growth of capitalism economic, and because the Qing government carried out "the newdeal", some new style societies which had the modern color appeared, including chamber of commerce, education meeting, trade union as well as new style fire organization and so on. These folk organization undertook more management functions of city economy, social and municipal administration, the rule also further consummated. At the same time, these folk organization started to move towards the fusion in the merchant foundation, while the folk organization realized conformity, merchant themselves also realized the conformity, thus laid the social class foundation and the organization foundation for appearance of the modern city management. The folk organization undertook more city management function which symbolized the social authority further rised. Simultaneously these folk organization were also local self-governmentcore support resources in the end of the Qing Dynasty.Three was that the emergence of the local self-government movement,and the establishment of many city autonomous bodies, symbolized the embryonic form of city management started to establish; At the same time, a series of city management law could be promulgated with the execution. Most typical ones were " Local Self-government Regulation of City,Towns and Villages " (in 1909), " Localself-government Regulation of Government Office Hall State County " (1910) and so on. In the end of Qing Dynasty,the implementation of local self-government not only meant the descend of the state power, but also meant the ascension of social authority.Looked from the overall, that the vicissitude of city management and legal system in Qing Dynasty represented the modernization tendency of the city management. On the one hand, the embryonic form of the city management started to establish, the system of the traditional city and countryside governed together became less crowded, massive legal laws and regulations,which took the city constitution or that was equal to the city constitution as the center ,started to promulgate with the release. On the other hand, the city government of the modern significance did not established, the management system of the traditional city and countryside governed together did not have radical change, the democratization degree of the city administration was not high. The vicissitude of city management and legal system in Qing Dynasty also has the following characteristics: The vicissitude power came from to the mutual function of the internal force and the external force;The vicissitude way was that compulsory vicissitude unified with lure vicissitude; In system vicissitude had the way dependence.