| This dissertation is a study of military revolution in late Qing dynasty. The changes of the traditional militia thinking have been chosen as the main aspect to describe the interactions of the traditional and modern factors during the changes of the modern Chinese military.The main point of the traditional military revolution thinking is whether to practice militia and how to practice militia. The militia thinking has an interactions of the east and the west play during the course of the transformation from the tradition to the modern time ,and the practice of conscription gives expression to this thinking. Also, the trend of modern west war from the limited war to the general war made it possible that an entire nation in armed .Certainly, there are variable ways to deal with it because of the different of national conditions and traditional conditions .The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Section 1, the characteristics, historical standing, disadvantages of the Qing traditional system of military service are described. As far as the development of the Chinese military system, the Qing military inherited the policy that selected army-man from regular group which continued from Qin-han dynasty. And the same time, the Qing sovereign have some changes ,they insisted that all army-man should been groomed by the government. This system is reasonable in an agriculture society. But it was not perfect and it had nor avoided the army's degenerate, which existed before the Qing dynasty. And the change from the eight-banner and Ivying to the yongying was also continued the orbit of the tradition military.Section 2, the military revolution attempts to maintain army before the first optimum war are presented. After the separation of the populace and the army-man, whether to maintain army or not and how to maintain army are two focuses in the discuss of traditional military transform. Then, three thoughts were gradually formed. Firstly, to abandon the traditional standing army and resume national militia. The suggestion was generally like the modern militia system. Although this thinking was welcomed after Song-ming dynasty, the main aspect of traditional revolution thinking was that national militia to be impractical. Secondly, the suggestion of militarizing the localities. And this suggestion was classified into two kinds. One is to let the local government control the local garrison. The other is to establish Tuanlian (a kind of militia).the third, maintain the imperial standing army. But the regulatory regime should been changed. Although people tried to correct the traditional standing army maladies before the first optimum war, the traditional society did not have the possible conditions.Section 3, the military revolution which deliberate the western army are described. The western threaten was the main factors of military revolution in late Qing dynasty. People thought that the superiority of western military was wealthy studying. And the same time, people regarded the modern military system as militia, which contained in sandai(xia, shang, zhou). This made the traditional militia thinking been a upsurge in late Qing-dynasty and it made the establishment of conscription in the New-policy period.Section 4, the practice of new army in Jiangsu province are presented. The Qing government was hard to practice new army in the period of new policy. They established the conscription system. In Jiangsu the conscription had obtained a good start. But Qing government' draft have been foiled by many factors such as the lack of mobilization, the problem of demobilized soldier, low performance of army-men.Each developing country must have the ability that mobilize it's all manpower and material treasure to sustain a modern war. For this purpose the royal principle that regard the army as a tool which was used to suppress inner populace should been changed. But the Qing sovereign maintained that the army's first principle is protecting their own domination, their failure are not avoided.
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