Studies Of Early Modernization Of Chinese Education

Modemization refers to the historica1 process of transformation from agricultural society toindustrial society. And the modernization of education, as an important part of modernization, refersto the process of transformation from traditional education to modem education confirming to thedevelopment of our human society. China, which developed afterwards with stimulation from outerfactors, was forced to be modernized after the Opium Wars. The founding of Jing Shi planetariun1 -'in 1862 symbolized the beginning of early modemization of Chinese education while thepublication of Ren Xu school system in l922 symbolized the end of it. The growth of modemeducation consists of 3 stages: Emergence, 1862-l894, Development, l895-l9ll, Mat'Lrity,. l9I2-l922. Early modemization of Chinese education is in the characteristics of passivity, non-planand partialness.In the history of Chinese education modemization, thoughts of education, system of educationand contents of education all have experienced the process of gradual modernization. Themodernization of thoughts of education is very impoftant to education modemization, whichembodies the change of ideas about Chinese and Westem relations and the change of thinkingmodes. Long history, bril1iant culture and ancient civilization have caused China to consider herselfsuperior to the other countries and to tbrn1 the complacent and conservative view of development.And it is also the civilization that has affected the creation and absorption of modemization forChina. Under the armed pressure from the tvestem powerfil1 countries, Chinese people havecompleted 3 changes Step by step in terms of foreign relations: from "Knowing fOreign countries"to "Leaming from foreign countries", from "Foreign business" to "Western business", from"Westem leaming" to "New learning". Correspondingly, the understanding of westem civilizationand modem international relations appeared different frOm the past. Therefore, thoughts ofeducation have been made to change. At the meanwhile, the historical changes also took place tothe Chinese thinking modes in understanding and analyzing problems. The early thinking methodfollows "ExPounding the present by exto11ing the past", and the theory of knowledge is based on" Westem leaming from Chinese source". As a result, a new principle and method "IntegratingChinese and Westem culture" has been found to deal with the different traditions after the tWostages of" Also the Chinese also the Westem" and "Expounding the Chinese by extolling theWestern". The evolution of thoughts of education is generated by national contradiction and classcontradiction in the Chinese society at that time.Also, the system of education grows fast in the course of education modernization as anothernecessary factor. As far as the construction ofschoo1 system is concemed, it has been undertaken onthe basis of practical 6xp1oration and theoretical discussion for the first time in the'emergenceperiod of earIy modernization of Chinese education. And during the second period, the spurt of .Chinese modem school system has been rea1ized with the symbols of the fom1ulation of "Ren Yitrschool system" in l902 and the publication and implementation of "Gui Mao school system" in1904. That means the aPpearance of Chinese modern school system and the beginning of Chineseeducation modernization in the aspect of system. Chinese modem scl1ool system almost fLllydeveloped from "Ren Zi. Gui Chou school system" in the first years of the RePubIic to theimplementation of "Ren Xu school system" in 1922. APart from school system, the constrUction ofeducationa1 management institutions grows well at the same tinle. ln fact, the managementinstitution of Chinese modem education grew out ofya)ne,l in charge of fOreign affairs that workedas the management instittltion of Jing Shi Tong Wen Guan. The founding of Jing Shi Da Xue Tangin l898 ended the history of Chinese modem education depending upo...