| Endowment insurance is the important part of social security system, it ensures thatthe labor reproduction, promote the rationalization of the employment structure, butalso beneficial to social stability and economic development. Since the late nineteenthcentury endowment insurance in Germany since birth, the countries all over the worldhave also in light of their own political, economic, history and culture characteristic,establishes the endowment insurance system. In China, the city endowment insurancebeginning in 1951, already have more than 60 years of development history. China'sendowment insurance is the important component of the social security system withChinese characteristics is an important one annulus. In this paper the city endowmentinsurance in China as the research object, by the development of history and a broaderview, through the analysis and the quantitative analysis in this paper, the empiricalanalysis and normative analysis, and adhere to the combination of case study and themethod of combining the comparative study, China's urban endowment insuranceproblems. There are six chapters in the main part of this paper:1. The review in the theory of endowment insurance. Theories always moveforward constantly along with practice, since twentieth century, numerous theoriesrelated to the pension insurance sprang up in succession. The research method, focusand policy proposal are different among different schools. Unceasing innovation andcontention on pension insurance theory laid a firm foundation for the pensioninsurance system info and institution system. There are many means to classify thepension insurance theory, for instance, Diamond (1977) fell it into four categories,that is expanding government revenue, income redistribution, correcting marketfailure and paternalism; Li Shaoguang (1998) divided it into two major schools, that ispolitical economics and neoclassical; Mulligan (1999) suggested three categories:narrative theory, political theory and efficiency theory. This article does not easilyclassify the related theories, but makes a comprehensive exposition that emphasizes on the most influential schools of economics theory among them, and also analysesthe major viewpoint in each theory in order to deeper study the effects of the pensioninsurance development and evolution to social economy which explore the morefavorable theory and method for positive analysis of this article.2. The population aging in China and it's tendency. 21 century is the century ofglobal population aging, an aging population is extensive and profound influence onthe human society all aspects of life, increasingly become the world governmenthighly concerned major population. Compared with other developed countries, ourcountry faced with even more pressing population aging, the basic reason is that thecountry's aging population faster, aging population size, an aging population toeconomic society development brings great pressure. We by the 2010 national censusdata for the sixth time based, and basic assumptions, China's population of 2050 in toan aging population trend forecast analysis. Results show that, by 2020 China 65years and 65 years or older population for 173 million, and by 2050, 65 and 65 yearsor older population for 323 million, predicts 2055 aged 65 years and 65 years or olderpopulation will peak, then began decreasing year by year. Our country is at presentonly in the underdeveloped economy situation of an ageing population. The 21(superscript th) century, the population aging in our country speed, high degree, largescale, leading to urban basic endowment insurance in our country faced huge fundinggap. The urgent need to speed up improvement of social pension insurance system,the government as the leading factor, to establish universal coverage, low level, theequal access to basic social pension insurance.3. Endowment insurance status and related policy analysis in China. Pensioninsurance as an important part of our social security system is of pivotal importanceamong China's five insurance programs at present. In general, the pension insurance isa kind of social security system built by the nation and the society, in order to solvethe basic living standard security for the laborers who reach the age limit regulated bya nation to dismiss the duty to work or retire from the position due to diminishedworking capacity in old age. Under the plan of our social security, the pensioninsurance is consisted of three parts, that is enjoyable criterion including age condition, seniority condition, whether completely losing labor capacity and so forth;the treatment criterion of retire with honor, retire and resign aiming at distinguishingdifferent security level for different retire condition and the last one is raisingretirement pension, management method to funds as well as supervising andinspecting system. This chapter discusses the gain and loss of the related policy to oururban pension insurance and makes the preliminary checkout on the results of theurban pension insurance policy through the review of our urban pension insurance andthe analysis of current situation.4. China's eastern, central and western urban endowment insurance case andcomparative analysis. Since reform and opening up, our economy has kept more than30-year rapidly development. As the level of economic development continues toimprove, our urban pension insurance system also undergoes constant furtherdevelopment. From the regional economy perspective, mainland area can be dividedinto three economic regions due to extensive land, that is eastern, central and westernregions. Because of different natural conditions and resource status in these threeeconomic regions, they have respective development characteristics. Different regionsgo through a long-term evolution to develop the dives regional economy providedwith distinguishing feature based on the combination of its level of economicdevelopment and geographical position. Particularly since reform and opening up,east coastal provinces lead off development which makes a significant difference fromthe central and western inland provinces in the level of development. This chapterchooses the typical provinces respectively from the three regions. Investigate thedevelopment condition of pension insurance in Shanghai, Heilongjiang and Guizhouprovince as the case analysis and comparative study of our urban pension insurance ofeastern, central and western regions.5. Endowment insurance system and compared in developed countries. In westerndeveloped countries, the pension insurance goes through more than a hundred-yeardevelopment history both in theory and practice. Germany, as the first country tolegislate for pension insurance, laid down the world first pension insurance law in1889, that is Old-age and disability insurance law. Subsequent years, the US and other developed countries set up the pension insurance system in succession as well;some countries among them alleged that they had built a welfare state. There are 160countries and regions have built the pattern of pension insurance in the whole world.The pattern of pension insurance in each country and region exit prodigious diversitydue to different politics, economy, history and culture. The pattern of pensioninsurance was prior built in developed countries which, in general, experience similarstages: foundation, development and perfection. It is important to build a perfectpension insurance system along with accelerating the pace to the aging society.Western countries'pension insurance system has gone through a century'sdevelopment and evolution. Their experience and lesson could help us to build andcomplete our pension insurance system, as we put it, past is future to avoid detours.We should accelerate the process of building perfect pension insurance pattern inorder to realize sustainable development. Nowadays, there are various kinds ofpatterns of pension insurance, the most typical three are earning-related-model,general-welfare-model and savings-model which represented by the USA, Swedenand Singapore respectively. The three models cut both ways. Every country takescorresponding measures and receives achievements to some extent when facesdifferent problems. Many countries take a single pension insurance system in theworld. Unbalance of accumulation, insufficiency of financing, low return rate ofinvestment, difficulty of payment, high-pressure of finance and severe trend of aging,all above pose a threat to the pension insurance system. The government of eachcountry takes positive attitude to adjust and reform present system in order to remitsevere condition and pressure. Expecting to complete our pension insurance system,we compare and analyze the three typical countries, borrowing successful experienceand measures, meanwhile, leaning their lesson. Against the backdrop of continuouseconomic development and rapid social changes, years'exploration and reformationhas brought about substantial progress in China's urban pension insurance program.Consequently, a set of pension insurance mechanisms in accordance with our nationalconditions has been put into place. Yet various problems also ensued, elicitingextensive research efforts from domestic scholars. In light of the grave challenges faced by Chinas'urban pension insurance program, unilateral research has proveninsufficient in providing solutions to relevant problems, which merit comprehensiveresearch into the very program itself as well as its implementation.6. The Policy Proposal of developing city endowment insurance. With economicprogress and change of the social change speed up, after many years of explorationand reform, our urban endowment insurance system, and in establishing the neweconomic development to adapt to the need of the endowment insurance system hasmade progress and development, set up a set of suitable for China's nationalconditions of endowment insurance system. But at the same time in the reform in theprocess also have problems appear constantly, Chinese scholars also conducted a widerange of research. In fact, in the city endowment insurance face all the crisis and thechallenge of the situation, a single level research has not for related problem solvingfor reference, so must from city endowment insurance system itself and systemrunning on multiple levels of comprehensive research. So the author thinks thatshould go to effort from the following several aspects: first, to further adjustendowment insurance mode, and realize endowment insurance system balance;Second, set up more of a hierarchical all-round endowment insurance system; Third,establish strict fund management system and implement all credit union, the separatemanagement principle; Fourth, speed up the perfect our country's system of laws andregulations, establish and perfect the endowment insurance system of the laws andregulations; Fifth, optimize the structure of fiscal expenditure, to increase the paystrength; Sixth, transfer of state-owned assets, fill pension empty bill; The seventh,and expand the coverage of the endowment insurance; Eighth, appropriate raising theretirement age, lower pay level. In this chapter, we were in the system, management,capital level pertinently put forward some opinions and Suggestions, hoping that thesemeasures implemented, out of a line with China's national conditions of endowmentinsurance road.The innovation points of this paper are:1. We regard city endowment insurance in China as the research object, to ourcountry city endowment insurance from the historical dimensions of comb, and analysis of China's urban endowment insurance system change history characteristics,this paper summarizes the current our country city endowment insurance developmentproblems.2. It is the domestic and foreign case analysis and comparative study, in thedomestic different regional economic development background, the study of urbanendowment insurance system development difference; In the foreign differentendowment insurance development mode, for our country city endowment insurancecan be used for reference for the development of the experience. |
