Transition Of Agriculture And Countryside In Tunpu Of Guizhou Province In The 20th Century

Tunpu is a valuable and abundant old culture legacy, which is created in Ming Dynasty about 600 years ago when Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang sent frontier guards and groups of average people to the frontier which was called Tunpu, and these immigrates were named as the Tunpu people. It was them who changed the historic progress of Guizhou. Though they lived among multi-ethnic groups, those Tunpu people from Yangtze-Huai area, they reversed their cultural essence in the closed mountainous area. In other words, the culture of Tunpu in Anshun not only symbolizes the culture of the Han in the south of the Yangtze River but also witnessed historic development.Recently, there is an increasing number of researches about Tunpu home and abroad, but few is about transition of agriculture and countryside in this region, which provides enough space for my research. At the time of transition of modernization of ariculture and countryside, it is profoundly necessary to integratedly study Tunpu's history and situations of social economy in countryside and the author tries to find out some disciplines of historic transition. Besides, it can be a good example for developing areas with the same conditions when they confront with transition of agriculture and economy and relationship between rural areas and urban areas. And this thesis can be considered as a reference.Mainly applying the theories and methods of history,economics,sociology,anthropology, compared with Southern Jiangsu, the research is based on the historical process of agriculture and countryside in Tunpu of Guizhou province in 20^th century, focusing on the transition of agriculture. By analyzing the factors and conditions of the development from traditional to modern agriculture in Tunpu, the paper provides historical lessons for today's agricultural modernization in China and proposes some ideas for Tunpu future development. Except for the introduction , the thesis is divided into six chapters.Introduction includes the basis and significance of choosing the title, the current situation of its relevant domestic and international reserches , research method, the structure of the article, focus of research and innovation of the research, etc.Chapter One is an introduction on natural environment and social background including some basic information of Tunpu in Ming and Qing Dynasties, its both agriculturally and commercially familial economies, traditionally rural society and it provides basis for following comparison.Chapter Two introduces continuation and gradual change of its traditional agriculture in the period of Republic of China in Tunpu of Guizhou province, including agricultural products, traditional subsidiary business, agricutural products' trade etc. Meanwhile the paper analyzes the factors which affect transition of agriculture. The last part focuses on characteristics of its transition in Republic of China and shows that, for the lack of self-developed ability, the modern times' transition failed in Tunpu region.Chaper Three is about agricultural flexural development from the State's establishment to Reform and Opening. Considering the structural reform, the author arranges this chaper in the chronological order according to the time of Agrarian Reform, Cooperation of Agriculture, People's Commune.And it reviews the agricultural changing process in the People's Commune Movement. The further research covers the development of production team' enterprise and analyzes those restricting factors in Tunpu by comparing with Southern Jiangsu. Finally there is a summary of experience and lecture for People's Commune system.Chapter four is transformation and development of agriculture after Reform and Opening. Since the establishment of output-related responsibility contracting system, it made great achievements, drew much attention and became a popular problem. Firstly, there is an analysis about some changes of praedial system. Secondly, studies on some vicissitudes of farm products' market besides farming sidelines. And then the further discussion goes to blocks in Tunpu and states that though Tunpu made progress with the help of the advancement of technology and innovation of systems, it is still hard for Tunpu to break obstacles of the old system.Chapter five is an analysis between tradition and modernity—agricultural transition in Tunpu. It is a conclusion on the basis of last four chapters. It concludes the historic process of agricultural transition in 20^th century and makes a further analysis about its motivating factors and facts show the transition of modern agriculture should combine with traditional resources and modern elements by studying Tunpu's experience and practice.Chapter six is some studies about Tunpu's development of agriculture and countryside. At present, Tunpu faces difficulty and opportunities, so author makes some proposals for development of agriculture and countryside in Tunpu, such as bettering the efficiency of agricultural producting with the help of technological progress; reforming land system; optimizing agriculturally and rurally econimical structure; accelerating urbanization; promoting the development of the village's non-agricultural economy; protecting traditional culture and boosting the continuous development of economy and environment.Five appendixes are at the end of this dissertation.This research shows:1,It will be unilateral to analyze the segmentary cause for its agricultural development. Resources, technology, systems and culture will determine its developmental modes and potentialities. Whereupon, dynamic agriculture should contain those four elements mentioned above.2,As farmers, farming is their economic basis. But the contradiction between increasing population and decreasing farmland made them choose the various living ways, including agriculture,commerce and handicraft industry. Because of the advantages of familial work, the economic devlopment of countryside mainly depends on the force of family. Thus, there are two features of its developmental modes—paying attention to two or more work on the basis of business and cooperating by taking private development as the foundation.3,By combinating its traditional culture with modern development, we can find the true basis for Tunpu's development. Although external introduction of science and technology is very important, it can't sustaining work without people's participation. As the saying goes:"People can't be developed; they can only develop themselves". Therefore, local government needs to take people as the foundation and inspire pople's creativity and positivity, it will help to solve the problem of economic lagging in Tunpu region.4,Because of unique historical background, Tunpu should have its own developmental traits. In other words, modern transition of countryside needs to take advantage of surplu-labor, exploit pratical technology based on traditional one and reinforce communication with the east, all of which help establish the agriculturally ecological environment based on forest. And with the core of increasing the yield of rice, the key point of forestry and animal husbandry, Tunpu can achieve strategic transition. In short, the modernization of agriculture and countryside should accord with local circumstance to find a right direction for its development.5,Practice proves that the development of township enterprises isn't the unique choice for Tunpu. Because of the different natural,economic,social condition, each area should choose suited developmental pattern. In fact, there isn't an insurmountable gap between tradition and modernity. Therefore, it will accelerate agricultural and rural transition by utilizing endogenetic traditional resources.