Study On The Temporal And Spatial Evolution Of Rural Ecological Environment

The reform and opening up policy brought the prosperity of China's rural socio-economy during the last three decades. at the same time, however, a series of rural eco-environmental problems, such as combined pollution of rural ecol-environmental and ecological resource degradation, began to emerge through out the countryside due to the extensive economic development mode, economic benefits, as well as the neglect of the ecological environment value, etc. These problems have put serious negative impacts on agricultural production and rural livelihood, and have threatened the basis of rural socio-economic sustainable development. Therefore, it is an important and urgent question to answer that how to resolve the contradiction between rural development, resource utilization and eco-environmental protection. Many studies have shown that the rural productive activities and rural development are closely related to rural eco-environmental problems. Therefore, accurate and systematic analysis on the rules of eco-environmental evolution in rural development is the base and premise to resolve the rural eco-environmental problems. It also benefits to change the dual structure of urban-rural environment management and facilitate coordinated development between rural socio-economy and ecological environment. At present, it's rare to find the cross-section analysis or systematic research on the mechanism of rural eco-environmental evolution under the influence of rural development and evolution laws of eco-environmental problems. Therefore, this thesis aims to build a theoretical framework of rural eco-environmental evolution on the basis of rural eco-environment problems analysis. Then from the view of agricultural non-point source pollution, rural industrial pollution, the change of rural ecological resources ecological service value, I make detail analysis for rural ecological environment evolution problems in different area and on different stages of economic development. And several research methods were employed, such as the method of summary and inductive, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis model, the rural ecological environment factors drive the evolution of econometric analysis model, the survey method and the input-output combination of the rural ecological environment estimation of emissions methods of and so on. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)At present, it is a serious problem to have the dual structure of urban and rural environment in our country, namely the continuous improvement of urban environmental quality and the gradual deterioration of the rural ecological environment. There are two reasons for this status. First, the own pollution caused by the extensive pattern of rural development, rural unreasonable industrial structure and spatial distribution, as well as the transferred pollution by laissez-faire city; Second is the dual policies of ecological environment management which mainly performed as the lag of rural ecological environment management system and policy behind the city, the vast investment of pollution prevention and control has been spent on the urban. Which caused the rural environmental protection facilities are so limited and the machine utilization is not high.(2)We have built the ecological environment Mechanism analysis framework from three aspects, such as the rural economic development, social progress in rural areas and the corresponding institutional arrangements.â‘ The influence from the economic development which puts on the rural ecological environment is mainly through scale effects, structural effects and technology effects. And the impact caused by the agricultural development and rural industrial development is different in the way and the path. In agricultural development, agricultural and economic growth mainly depends on the inputs of pesticides, fertilizers and other chemical, as well as the increased livestock and poultry pollution. On the other hand, the woodlands, grasslands and other important ecological barrier system have been damaged. So the result is the decreased quality of the rural ecological environment. In industrial development, the current emphasis on rural industrial structure, low-end industrial structure and the low technological level, resulting in emission intensity of industrial pollution in rural areas which caused many negative effects.â‘¡The change of rural lifestyle leads to the increased living garbage and sewage production, as well as a substantial increase in the types of pollutants. What's more, the traditional rural way of garbage and sewage treatment is still not changed; and the living situation of rural decentralization changed little.All these further exacerbats the damage of the rural ecological environment.â‘¢The institutional arrangement changes rural eco-environmental mainly through the market mechanism, government intervention and social mechanisms.(3) The characteristics and evolution of agricultural non-point source pollution.â‘ China's agricultural non-point source pollution on the ecological environment in rural areas increasing pressure polluted areas are mainly distributed in a large population, a higher degree of agricultural intensification of the provinces and municipalities, should be the agricultural non-point source pollution control in key areas. Agricultural non-point source pollution comes mainly from the agricultural fertilizers and livestock and poultry industry pollution, the key points is to control the type of pollution.â‘¡China's agricultural non-point source pollution in line with the evolution of trends in environmental Kuznets hypothesis, at present the vast majority of provinces and cities in per capita GDP is below the critical point, and still have a lot of the gap will be long-term rise in the Environmental Kuznets Curve stage, the environmental situation is not optimistic.â‘¢Regional differences in the level of economic development in different regions of our country decide the agricultural non-point source pollution and the evolution of spatial and temporal characteristics of trends in different areas of different stages of development at different stages of EKC, in the agricultural non-point source pollution control and management should be taken to differentiate the policy measures.â‘£The evolution of industrial structure, technological progress, environmental management systems are the important factors of agricultural non-point source pollution.(4) The characteristics and evolution of rural industrial pollution.â‘ The rapid growth of China's rural industry is taken by damage the high-intensity depletion of natural resources and destruction of the ecological environment for a price. It is the way of "treatment after pollution". In the 20th century, since the mid-80s, rural industrial development has "growth-fell-growth "trend. And rural industrial pollution in different regions had very obviously different features. The differences mainly concentrated in the economically developed eastern region and part of the central region.â‘¡In Jiangsu Province, regional economic development level of the three major region are very different, which leads to the differences of rural industrial pollution. For example, the regional economic development level in southern Jiangsu is quicker than the Soviet Union in mid of Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu area. And the pollution is mainly concentrated in the south of Jiangsu Province. In Jiangsu Province, the change of rural industries pollution with the increase of economic growth is in line with the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, while different levels of economic development of the regional rural industrial pollution and trends in the evolution of the path there are also differences, and show a certain degree of regularity, The higher economic development areas (in the intermediate stage of industrialization) will soon appear inflection point; the middle economic development areas (in the initial stage of industrialization phase) which is at the rising phase of EKC curve, the pollution will increase with the rapid economic growth; the low level of economic development areas(in the initial stages of product processing) is at the low-end of EKC curve, less impact on the environment. In all, the evolution of regional industrial pollution in rural areas is affected by the rural industrial economic growth, changes in industrial structure, governance and investment, environmental protection system and so on.(5) The trends of China's rural ecological resources of the ecosystem service value.1989-2007 years, China's rural ecological resources of the ecosystem service value growth at first decline since 1996 in rural areas a more serious degradation of ecological resources, mainly from arable land and grassland ecosystem services declines. Rural Resources Ecological Services Value more provinces are mainly located in the western region. Degradation of ecological resources in rural areas the prevalence is not only located in ecologically fragile western region, and has already begun in some of the spread of central and eastern regions, one of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Henan, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shandong provinces and cities in the degradation of arable land is mainly expressed in type; Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other provinces and municipalities for forest degradation mainly type; Guizhou, Tibet, Gansu and other provinces and cities reflected mainly in grassland degradation type, for different regions should be so that management measures in line differentiation.(6) Time-space Evolvement trends on environment stress in rural development. During 1990-2006, the index of environment stress was increasing gradually. The high environment stress areas are those provinces with intensive agriculture, developed rural industry and large population, such as Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong. On the other side, the sources of environment stress of the above provinces were quite different.Based on the above findings, the paper puts forward the way to improve the rural ecological environment management is:Firstly, build the rural ecological environment management model by mixing the construction of rural development with ecological environmental protection. Secondly, set up a set of practical rural eco-environment decision-making and management system which is in line with our real ability; Thirdly, pay attention to the ecological functions of rural planning. Specifically, it is necessary to change the rural economic development mode, enhance technological progress in rural economic development, optimizing industrial structure in rural areas. In all, set up the cycle of agricultural development mode. Then timely make assessment on the status of the rural ecological environment and make a change of the strategic positioning. Decline the rural eco-functional areas. According to the ecological functional planning, make differentiated management policies. Set up the public policy system to improve the rural eco-environmental management, in order to make the integrated use of a variety of policy tools, especially the incentive policy tools. At last, improve the rural eco-environmental management legal system.