| As the essential ecological environment and natural resources, wetlands play an important role in human's survival and development. They are also significant strategic resources for supporting the national and global ecological security and the sustainable development of economy and society. They are natural comprehensive and irreplaceable systems with unique functions. Therefore, the wetland research has been one of hotspots and issues for different governments, research institutions and the public. The involvements of geography, tourism, remote sensing and mathematical economics lead to a new multidisciplinary wetland science. At present, the research focuses on the efficient wetland utilization and development, wetland conservation and restoration, reduction of wetland ecosystem damage and wetland maintenance. In light of this kind of requests, the eco-tourism is the most important and reasonable sustainable way of wetland resource development.There are few references on wetland eco-tourism resources in corresponding researches and the current issues are not systematic. The research on lake and wetland eco-tourism is at an initial stage.On the basis of comprehensive survey and investigations, the eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve were evaluated by different methods including survey analysis, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), tourism chart, cluster analysis, remote sensing. The research objectives were to discuss and explore the basic theories and practices of the lake wetland eco-tourism with a case study in the assessment, monitoring and development of eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lake National Wetland Nature Reserve. The results were as follows:(1) Establishing the classification standards of the eco-tourism resources for lakes and wetlands.①According to the Standard of Classification, Survey and Evaluation of Tourism Resources (GB/T18972-2003) in P.R.C, (hereafter refer to Standard), Xingkai Lake were taken as a specific example, based on the characteristics of lake wetlands. There were some supplements for the resources classification in the Standard and category interpretation forms were established. The forms were divided into 8 main categories,22 subcategories and 50 basic types to accomplish the classification standard for lake and wetland eco-tourism resources. Referring to the standard,115 tourism resources in the Xingkai Lake were classified.②Analyzing the structure characteristics of eco-tourism resources of the wetlands in Xingkai Lake. The major tourism resources were biological landscape (accounting for 63.64%) and water scenery resources (accounting for 43.75%) and building and facilities tourism resources had a large proportion in the area. There were more potential in humanities landscape resources and non-material resources were in the urgent need of development. From the perspective of the resources, there were complete major category resources, more subcategory resources (accounting for 70.96% of standard subcategory). There was a large part of area covered by basic resources (accounting for 32.25% of the standard basic category) and belonged to abundant area of tourism resource in Heilongjiang province, even in China.(2) Evaluating the eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lake wetland.①A comprehensive and qualitative evaluation on the wetland eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lake was carried out and five major characteristics were summarized, namely,4 distinctive seasonal landscape, abundant wildlife landscape, spectacular geological landscape, culture resources with long history and unique ice-snow landscapes in winter.②Individual evaluation on eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lake wetland. The tourism resources evaluation system in the Standard was used to classify the 115 resource individuals in tourism resources survey and 6 five-level resources,7 four-level resources,16 three-level resources,42 one and two-level resources, and a total of 71 resources were listed as level resources, accounting for 61.74% of the total resources. The wetland resources in Xingkai Lake were characterized with large quantity, complete types, high quality and natural feature.③Selecting the evaluation factors and determining the weight of factors by AHP to establish accurate evaluation system which was suitable for the eco-tourism resources of wetlands in Xingkai Lake. A three-level evaluation index system were set up and 4 evaluative program-level indexes of ecology value, resource value, developing value and the charscteristic value of lake wetlands were determined. There were 21 evaluation factors and standards for classification and grading were established. The system was used to evaluate the eco-tourism resources of the wetlands of Xingkai Lake and the final score was 75.35. The excellent evaluation results indicated that eco-tourism resources are abundant and the developing potential is great.(3) Dynamic monitoring the wetland eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lak.①On the basis of remote sensing images of the 25/9/2001,5/6/2004 and 14/6/2007, we analyzed 10 kinds of wetland landscape types(woodlands, meadows, shrubs, dry lands, towns and villages, paddy fields, water area, marshes, unused lands and fallow lands). The results showed that the overall landscape pattern in research area was steady from 2001 to 2007 and man-made interferences to woodlands and unused lands increased gradually. The area of shrubs and marsh declined respectively by 10124.46ha and 11300.49ha, paddy fields and fallow land areas increased significantly by 15174.81ha and 7044.3ha, water area did not change greatly as the dominant landscape.②Choosing the number of 6 kinds of landscape pattern indexes, namely, patches (NP), mean patch size (MPS), patch size standard deviation (PSSD), plaque area coefficient of variation (PSCV), area-weighted average shape factor (AWMSI) and mean shape index (MSI) from 2001 to 2007 and analyzing the indexes of wetland landscape patterns. We found that the average heterogeneity of water landscape was low and landscape was more complete which had significant controlling effects on the Xingkai Lake landscape. Compare with it, other landscapes were more fragile and the heterogeneity was high. The average shape index of water areas was tending to even from 2001 to 2007. In recent years, effects of human disturbance on woodlands and unused lands increased gradually and the fragmentation of meadow was significant, the landscape of shrubs became more complex and irregular. While more human disturbance influenced the marshes and the landscape was more simple and regular. The landscape of forest lands and unused lands developed to a more regular direction.③Predicting the dynamic changes of landscapes from 2010 to 2016 with Markov Model and the results showed that croplands would show a fast growing trend with maintaining the interference strength of 2001-2004, natural wetlands and woodlands decrease differently and other landscapes change little.④Analyzing the driving force of landscape patterns. The landscape-pattern change of the wetlands of Xingkai Lake was the result of dual effects of natural and human activities. Climate change led to the change of wetland hydrology and thus indirectly affected wetland landscape patterns, while the human development on wetlands and economic driving force were main driving factors for the wetland landscape dynamic change.(4) Accomplishing the reasonable developing strategies of the eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lake wetlands.①Summarizing six major advantages, five weaknesses, four opportunities and three threats of the eco-tourism resources in Xingkai Lake wetlands with the SWOT analyses②Identifying six principles of development and putting efforts on constructing Wetland Nature Reserve of Xingkai Lake into a national AAAA level spot and creating the strategy suitable for the international eco-tourism resort.③Spreading tourism product layout around "an arc, six points", establishing six major tourism areas including the Dangbizhen Resort of the cultural tourism of Great Northern Wilderness, the Lotus Resort of wetland eco-tour and farm travelling, the Two Brake Resort of the conference tourism and lakeside travel for leisure, the Golden Sand Beach Resort of farming and leisure travel in lakefronts and the Dragon King Temple Resort of exploring mysteries and frontier experience.④Determining the focus of product development with the survey of tourist markets, namely, developing major eco-brands, highlighting the characteristics, upholding the diversity of tourism projects, providing excellent travel service of traffic and network construction.⑤Establishing five major principles for tourism products and carrying out the travel product plans of four seasons, planning 12 eco-tourism products(the Island-Visiting Festival of Wetland,Swan Lake Tour, the Open Lake Swim of Xingkai Lake in spring; Golden Sands Tour, Lotus Tour, Fishing accompanied by songs at night in summer; Whitefish Dinner Tour, Three items of "Iron Man" in lakesides, Autumn Tour; the Glacial Lake Tour, the Rally on ice and Fishing & Hunting in winter).⑥Deciding five major principles for environmental controlling, tourism capacity, environmental capacity and quality control and proposing the critical ideas of grading systems and resource classifications.
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