| Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, a kind of economic crops, is widely distributed and planted in China. The resource of leaf is very abundant. Through modern research, it had been shown that the leaf and the skin had similar chemical composition. The content of chlorogenic acid in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf was especially higher. In this paper we studied the improve effect of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver polyphenols, which is extracted from leaf, on meat quality of finishing pigs, and the protective effect of chlorogenic acid on the liver and intestinal injury. The protective effect of chlorogenic acid on liver injury may through regulating energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical support that phenolic acids regulate metabolic balance, and improve healthy condition. It is beneficial to improve the comprehensive utilization of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf. Part I:Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Leaf Polyphenol on Meat Quality of Finishing Piglets.Body weight of 50kg Duroc×Landrace x Yorkshire finishing pigs were randomly divided into two groups, the piglets were fed by basal diet (normal control group), or fed by 0.08% Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf polyphenol extract in basal diet (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf polyphenols extracts group, PEE group). Compared with normal group, body weight gain was significantly increased in PEE group, and food efficiency ratio was significantly decreased. After 30 days, total protein and creatine levels in serum were increased. After 60 days, total protein, albumin, and creatine levels in serum were increased, while the content of triglyceride was decreased in PEE group, as compared with normal group. The quality of longissimus was improved by Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf polyphenol. Compared with normal group, values of brightness and yellowness, intramuscular fat content, and muscle fiber density were increased in PEE group, while the diameter of muscle fibers was reduced.To explore the possible mechanism of polyphenol on meat quality in finishing pigs, lipid acid metabolism related enzymes and muscle fiber type mRNA levels were measured. The results had shown mat PEE increased liporprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression, decreased hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor y (PPAR-y) mRNA levels in liver. In skeletal muscle, LPL, FAS, fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP-1), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4), and PPAR-y mRNA expressions were decreased by PEE. In adipose tissue, HSL, LPL, FAS, FABP-4, and leptin mRNA expression were decreased by PEE. Type I fibers longissimus muscle was increased after adminitration of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf polyphenol, while type Ⅱb fibers was decreased.These study suggested that, Eucommia ulmoides Oliver polyphenol could improve food efficiency ratio and longissimus muscle quality in finishing pigs, the effect of polyphenol on meat quality may correlated with regulation of the lipid metabolism and muscle fiber type. Part Ⅱ:The Effect of Chlorogenic Acid on Chronic Endotoxin Infusion Induced Liver and Intestinal Injury.Chlorogenic acid is rich in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf, and abundant in diet. Endotoxin is rich in the intestine, and can easily transtrop into blood, thus human is extremely vulnerable to endotoxin. Therefore, to study the effect of chlorogenic acid in chronic endotoxin infusion is necessary and important.1. The Effect of Chlorogenic Acid on the Growth Performance in Chronic Endotoxin-infusion Rats.Chlorogenic acid could inhibit the body weight gain, but not affect food intake, lower food efficiency ratio in endotoxin-infusion rats. Compared to chronic endotoxin-infusion rats, the weights of liver, visceral adipose tissue, spleen, and thymus were significantly reduced after CGA administration, the area of visceral adipocyte was decreased by 25.24%.2. Chlorogenic Acid Alleviated Chronic Endotoxin-infusion Induced Liver Injury.Compared with chronic endotoxin-infusion group, bilirubin content, activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were decreased after the supplementation with chlorogenic acid, and liver structure became to normal. These results implied that chlorogenic acid can alleviate liver damage.Insufficient of energy production is an important factor to liver injury. Chlorogenic acid can promote liver energy generation to reduce liver injury. Compared to chronic endotoxin-infusion group, supplementation with chlorogenic acid, lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria was decreased; the ATP content, adenylate pool (ATP+ADP+AMP) level, and AMP/ATP ratio were increased by 22.40%,30.51%,76.52%, respectively. Further study, chlorogenic acid suppressed anaerobic glycolysis-related enzyme activity (hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and lower levels of lactic acid; activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase enzyme, NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and ATPase significantly enhanced. Chlorogenic acid could promoted mitochondrial biogenesis, mKNA levels of AMPK-a2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor body y coactivator la, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A, as well as the phosphorylation of AMPK were increased.These results indicated that chlorogenic acid can promote the mitochondria biosynthesis, enhancing the level of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increase aerobic oxidation of glucose, reducing anaerobic glycolysis of glucose, thereby promoting ATP production, and thus alleviated chronic endotoxin-infusion induced liver damage.3. Chlorogenic Acid Modulated Liver Lipid Metabolism in Chronic Endotoxin-infusion Rats.Chlorogenic acid significantly inhibit the increase of serum triglycerides and free fatty acid, which caused by endotoxin infusion. After administration of chlorogenic acid, the content of triglyceride and liver cholesterol ACC content, and FAS activity and content were decreased; carnitine acyl transferase 1 activity and content, and fatty acid β-oxidation were significantly enhanced. The proportion of C18:3n-3 was significantly increased, while the proportion of C18:3n-6, C20:1, and C24:1,Δ6 and Δ9-18 desaturase activity index were significantly reduced. These results indicated that chlorogenic acid through inhibiting fatty acid synthesis in liver, promoting fatty acid oxidation, modulating fatty acid composition to alleviate liver fat deposition.4. Chlorogenic Acid Alleviated Chronic Endotoxin-infusion Induced Intestinal Injury.Intestine is another major place of chlorogenic acid metabolism, increased intestinal permeability is an important way of endotoxins transport into blood. Our results showed that compared to chronic endotoxin-infusion group, chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the ratio of lactulose/mannitol, ileum injury score, and the activity of myeloperoxidase. Ileum alkaline phosphatase activity, total anti capability and activity of superoxide dismutase oxidation enhanced significantly, the content of MDA in mitochondrial and ileum tissue were reduced. Meanwhile activities of NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in ileum mitochondrial significantly enhanced. Intestinal permeability was positively correlated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, and negatively correlated NADH dehydrogenase. These results indicated that chlorogenic acid decreased endotoxin induced intestinal permeability increasing possible by reduce intestinal mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and increase NADH dehydrogenase activity.Above all, this study suggested that cholo genie acid relieved chronic endotoxin-infusion induced liver and intestinal injury caused by promotion energy production. |
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