Research Of Effects And Mechanism Of Jatropha Curcas Kernel Meal On Performance And Health In Broilers

Four experiments were conducted in this study to investigate effects of Jatropha curcas kernel meals (JKM) containing phorbol esters on health and detoxification enzymes system of broilers as well as the feasibility of vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity of NDJKM to broilers.Exp.1Effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performace and health in1-21d broilersThis study was conducted in this experiment to investigate the effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performance and health (serum biochemical indicators, immune indicators, pathologic changes) of1-21d broilers. The study was conducted by using single factor design. A total of875one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to5groups with6replicates of25broilers each, and fed diets containing0,3,6,9, and12%NDJKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①NDJKM in diets leaded to the death of chicks. At the end of2wk in experiment period, except sampling, all boroilers fed diets containing9%and12%NDJKM died or were been dropout. The mortality rate of broilers fed diets containing3%and6%NDJKM were14.86%,58.86%, respectively. The higher NDJKM level in diets, the sooner broiler died.②The performance in broilers fed diets containing NDJKM at3%-6%was decresed. Compared with control, average weight gain (BWG) in d21broilers fed diets with3%and6%NDJKM were decreased59.06%and77.50%respectively, and average feed intake (AFI) were decreased47.59%and59.51%respectivly.③Compared with control, Ca and UA contents in serum in d21broilers fed diets containg NDJKM increased significantly (P＜0.05), serum K contents increased linearly, the contents of P, TG, and TP in serum increased significantly(P＜0.05), serum CHOL, GLU, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents decreased linearly when dietary NDJKM increased (P＜0.05), the percentage of CD3+CD4+, and CD8+T lymphocytes decreased significantly (P＜0.05), the apoptosis rate in liver, kidney, lung in increased significantly (P＜0.05).④Pathologic changes in liver, kidney, lung, and thymus in d21broilers fed diets containing NDJKM were obversed. No any of pathologic change in bursa of Fabricius in d21broilers fed diets with3%NDJKM was obversed, but the hemorrhage and hyperemia in bursa of Fabricius were only found in broilers fed diets with6%NDJKM. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing NDJKM at3%-12%can lead to the death, reduce performance, damage to strcture and function of internal organs and immune organs, and change serum biochemical parameters in1-21d broilers.Exp.2Effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performace and health in22-42d broilersThis study was conducted in this experiment to investigate the effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performance and health (serum biochemical indicators, immune indicators, pathologic changes) of22-42d broilers. The study was conducted by using single factor design.A total of19222d-old male avain broiles which fed basal diets in Exp.1from one-day-old were selected and randomly allocated by BW to3groups with8replicates of8broilers each, and fed diets containing0,3, and6%NDJKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①No birds were died in control treatment, the mortality rate of broiler fed diets containg3%and6%NDJKM at the end of experiment were26.60%and67.20%, respectively, and the dropout rate wer0%and20.32%respectively; The clinical signs of broilers in this experiment are the same as Exp.1.②The performance in broilers fed diets containing NDJKM was decresed. Compared with control, BWG in broilers fed diets with3%and6%JKM were decreased75.16%and91.08%, respectively, and AFI were decreased49.83%and79.46%, respectively.③Compared with control, K and UA contents in serum in d42broilers fed diets containg NDJKM increased significantly (P＜0.05), the contents of P and TG in serum decreased significantly(P＜0.05), serum K contents increased linearly, the contents of P and TG in serum increased significantly(P＜0.05), serum Ca, CHOL, GLU, TP, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents decreased linearly (P＜0.05), the percentage of CD3+and CD4+T lymphocytes in creased significantly when broilers fed diets with3%NDJKM (P＜0.05) and decreased significantly when broilers fed diets with6%NDJKM, the apoptosis rate in liver, kidney, lung in increased significantly (P＜0.05).④Pathologic changes in liver, kidney, lung, and thymus in d42broilers fed diets containing NDJKM were obversed. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing JKM at3%and6%can lead to the death, reduce performance, damage to structur and function of internal organs and immune organs, and influence serum biochemical parameters in22-42d broilers.Exp.3The study on Vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity Jatropha curcas kernel meal to broilersThe study was conduced to investigate the feasibility of vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity of JKM to broilers. The control diets didn’t contain JKM. The diets containing3%JKM in Exp.1was the basal diets. The another four diets were formulated by adding200mg/kg VC,25mg/kg VE,0.15mg/kg Se as well as the triplicity into basal diets. A total of720one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to6groups with6replicates of20broilers each, and fed experimental diets for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①Compared contron, BWG and AFI decreased significantly when1-21d broilers fed diets containing3%JKM, added vitamin and selenium (P＜0.05), the villus height in duodenum and jejunum in d21broilers decreased significantly and crypt depth increased significantly (P＜0.05) and had no beed affected on d7broilers, the CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d21broilers decreased significantly (P＜0.05), expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d21broilers down-regulated (P<0.05).②Compared with basal diets, when broilers fed diets with vitamin and selenium, there were no difference in BWG and AFI, the villus height and crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum, the CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum, and the expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d 21broilers. But compared basal diets treatment, the expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum were increased trend when broiler fed diets with vitamin and selenium. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing3%JKM can lead to death of1-42d broilers, reduce performance damage intestinal mucosal morphology, decrease small intestinal CYP450contents and the expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA. Moreover, the diets added vitamin and selenium had no effective on bad health of broiles generated by3%JKM.Exp.4Effects of detoxificated Jatropha curcas kernel meal on performance and CPY450contents in broilersThis study was conducted to investigate effects of DJKM on performance and CYP450contents in broilers. A total of450one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to5groups with6replicates of15broilers each, and fed diets with0,6.25,12.5,25, and50%of soy bean meal (SBM) protein replaced by JKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:1) Compared with control, BWG, AFI, F/G, villus height in duodenum, and villus height and crypt depth in jejunum were no difference when42d broilers fed diets with6.25%and12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but crypt depth in duodenum increased significantly (P＜0.05). PKC contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum were no changes when broilers fed diets with6.25%and12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05) compared with control. When broilers fed diets with25%and50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM, BWG, AFI, and villus height in duodenum and jejunum in42d broilers decreased significantly (P＜0.05), crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum in42d broilers and PKC contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d and42d broilers increased singnificantly (P＜0.05).2) Compared with control, CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d and42d broilers were no changes when broilers fed diets with6.25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05). CYP450contents significantly increased when broilers fed diets with12.5%, 25%, and50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05).3) Compared with control, expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d broilers and in liver and duodenum in42d broilers were no difference when broilers fed diets with6.25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but expression of CYP3A37mRNA in jejunum of42d broilers increased significantly (P＜0.05). Expression of CYP2H1mRNA in liver and duodenum and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d broilers as well as expression of CYP2H1mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in duodenum in42d broilers were no difference when broilers fed diets with12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but expression of CYP2H1mRNA in jejunum of21d broilers and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in liver and jejunum of42d broilers increased significantly (P＜0.05). Expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum significantly increased when broilers fed diets with25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05). Compared with25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM treatment, expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum significantly down-regulated when broilers fed diets with50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05), but superior or equal to control treatment.4) Based on BWG in broilers, DJKM levels in diets in1-21d broiles is5.14%, and the maximum tolerated dose of phorbol esters in the diet that is for broilers is11.87mg.kg-1; DJKM levels in diets in22-42d broiles is7.63%, and the maximum tolerated dose of phorbol esters in the diet that is for broilers is17.62mg.kg-1.These results indicated that DJKM can be used in diets for broilers as protein feed.