| The regions of north Hebei is an area with cold and arid, fragile ecology, dustywinds. As the ecological barrier of Beijing, Tianjin and North China, it’s directlyrelated to the ecological benefits of environmental quality down stream. From2010~2012, the experiment taked place in Zhangbei agricultural resources andecological environment field observation experiment Station, which belongs toMinistry of Agriculture. As the sandy chestnut soil and loamy meadow-chestnut soilfor targets, with three different tillage methods (no-tillage, NT, subsoiling tillage, ST,and cultivation tillage, CT), studied the naked oats’s growth traits of up and underground, soil physical properties, soil microbial, naked oats’ yield and area’s ecologicalbenefits.The main conclusions are as follows:1. Different tillage methods on naked oats’ up ground growthSandy chestnut soil with NT and ST can significantly reduce the growth of oatstems28.97%and20.58%, but had no significant effect on the final spike number; NTwill lead to the oats height significantly lower than ST and CT from jointing stage toharvesting93.78%and87.31%; NT also resulted in a significant reduction of oatseach growth stage in leaf area index (LAI). NT caused by population growth wassignificantly inhibited, ultimately resulting in crop production; while ST stemsalthough slightly lower, but plant height and LAI is not affected, on oats populationgrowth will not have a significant impact. Loamy meadow-chestnut soil NT and STimpact of farming on the CT oats stems smaller than sandy chestnut soil farmland;while oat plant height difference is less than sandy chestnut soil, plant height harvestNT as ST and CT to93.72%and89.59%;oats LAI although each growth period werelower than the ST and CT, but the difference was not significant, ST and CT mutuallevel.2. Tillage methods on root growth of oatsNT significantly reduced root mass at10%to20%. Chestnut soil tillage oat fieldat each growth stage both are NT losest, CT highest, ST in the middle.Meadow-chestnut soil, from jointing to heading, NT treatment root weight was significantly lower than plowing.NT treatment root distribution in0~20cm, whichwas significantly less than with CT and ST root length ratio, resulting in the surfacelayer of soil distribution trends oat roots. Processing0.07to1.47percentage pointshigher than in the chestnut soil farmland NT treatment heading0~10cm soil roots inproportion83.22%~86.85%compared to CT. In the meadow-chestnut soil farmland,jointing0~10cm soil NT treatment root species ratio85.68%~86.80%, higher thanCT1.89~2.52percentage points higher than the ST0.41~3.10percentage points. STand CT mutual level.3. Tillage methods on naked oat yield and its componentsChestnut soil farmland Although NT soil tillage cost savings, but oats biologicaland economic yields were significantly lower than CT, NT economic output three yearsCT only45.6%~58.5%; ST with production cuts on CT, but the difference was notsignificant. While less disturbance of the soil, but also to get closer to CT production,ST is an alternative measure of both ecological and economic benefits. Oats biomassyield on meadow-chestnut soil, NT economic output was62.4%~88.1%of the CT;while ST and CT yields difference was not significant. To saving mechanical tillage,less soil disturbance while ST can get close to production, ST suitable formeadow-chestnut soil applications to replace the traditional tillage operations.4. Tillage methods on soil moistureChestnut soil NT treatment field in the spring drought and poor water year basis,sowing soil water storage does not have the advantage; while rainfall is relatively moreyears, CT in sowing to tillering0~80cm soil to NT compared improve storagecapacity by7.6%~20.6%, NT treatment was significantly less than the water useefficiency than ST and CT treatment, between ST and CT with little difference.Meadow-chestnut soil, soil water storage of NT highest in growth stages, followed byST, CT. NT and ST has more superior soil water resources inventory, compared withCT, fertility of soil moisture oats supply is not the main factor limiting production. NTwater use efficiency has decreased over the CT; ST water use efficiency has decreasedcompared to CT.5. Different tillage methods on farmland physical traitsOn sandy chestnut soil, NT soil bulk density was significantly higher than ST andCT from sowing to heading, sowing the most significant. Performance compared withNT and ST apparent soil bulk density decreasing trend, ST and CT the soil bulk densitygradually increased from sowing to heading. Loamy meadow chestnut soil, variousgrowth stages0~20cm soil NT treatment were significantly higher in bulk densitythan ST and NT. ST soil bulk density slightly higher than CT. Heading into the harvestperiod, no significant differences among soil. Chestnut soil NT soil hardness at eachgrowth stage were higher than ST and CT; between ST and CT with little difference. Meadow-chestnut soil tillage treatment at each growth stage0~15cm soil layer of NTsoil hardness is higher than ST and CT, ST and CT with no different.Chestnut soil and meadow-chestnut soil hardness presenting with soil bulk density,soil moisture quadratic regression relationship. Model analysis showed that soilhardness with soil bulk density increases exponentially, with the U-shaped changes insoil moisture. Cold and arid regions of north Hebei topsoil when higher bulk density,improve soil moisture can significantly reduce the hardness; while lower soil bulkdensity, soil moisture has little effect on hardness. Under conditions of low soilmoisture, soil bulk density increased significantly improve soil hardness; under highsoil moisture conditions will improve soil bulk density increased soil hardness, but theincrease was small.6. Different tillage methods on soil microorganismsThree kinds of tillages’ microbial biomass carbon during the basic curve showed asingle valley mode, sowing highest jointing or heading down to the bottom, and thenrebound harvest increased. Under NT conditions, soil microbial biomass carbon0~10cm were higher than10~20cm soil layer at each growth stage; subsoiling andcultivation tillages conditions the mutual level. Three kinds of tillages0~20cm soilfertility trends active microbial biomass and soil respiration rate consistent topsoil,indicating that changes in the amount and activity of soil microbial soil respirationtopsoil each growth period mainly due to environmental factors the impact of tillage,both three kinds of tillages with little effect. Under different tillages0~10cm and10~20cm soil respiration quotient to the jointing stage was trend before heading.7. Different tillage methods on Farmland Soil wind erosionSimulation studies showed on sandy chestnut soil and loamy meadow-chestnutsoil wind erosion both showed a continuous blowing as the "L" shaped drop features,sandy chestnut soil anti-erosion ability significantly higher than loamymeadow-chestnut soil. Non-biomass, non-erosive grit and mattress cover sheet cansignificantly enhance the ability of anti-wind erosion of soil, with its cover blown byan increase in the degree of soil erosion amount was nearly exponential decreaselinearly characteristics between the two covered by anti-erosion effect no statisticaldifference. Simulation and empirical studies show that north cold and arid regions oatstubble tillage farmland, the amount of surface soil wind erosion turned overtraditional farming reduces70.28%~88.42%. Years of no-tilliage cover on the gravelsurface enhanced anti sandy chestnut soil erosion farmland force plays an importantrole; stubble cover and roughness effects on enhancing loamy meadow-chestnut soilerosion resistant force is more important farmland. Loamy meadow-chestnut soilautumn plowing farmland stand mattress to mattress cover sheet directly with the dualeffect of increased roughness than traditional farming soil wind erosion turn reduces the amount of surface92.21%.Based on these conclusions, in cold and arid regions of north Hebei, it’s suitablefor promotion subsoiling tillage on sandy chestnut soil to taking into account theecological benefits and economic bennefits. On loamy meadow-chestnut soil, withwater conservancy facilities suitable for promotion cultivation tillage with betterplanting structures plus the autumn plowing furrow slice cover, maximized theeconomic benefit; without the water conservancy facilities suitable for promotionno-tillage, to reduced soil wind erosion, and take into account the yield, achieveecological and economic benefits both harvest. |
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