| Changbai Mountain forest region is one of the over logged forest distribution regions in China, the structure and ecological function of local forest were destroyed and deteriorated for extensive management during the past, while how to protect and manage natural forest resources and keep good forest structure has become the current forest problem that urgently needed to be solved. Therefor, in this paper, based on the basic theory of landscape ecology and near-natural forest as guidance, taking TAzi Gou Forest Farm of Jilin Wangqing Forestry Bureau (the selective cutting operation pilot for the first time in Jilin province) as the research object, regarding remote sensing data of 1997 and 2009 as the main information sources, with the aid of RS and GIS technology, the main landscape types are acquired by non remote sensing information in the auxiliary research region. Based on the characteristics of landscape pattern, scale effect, spatial landscape structure pattern, uniformity theory, the topographic distribution characteristics of spatial landscape pattern and so on, its dynamic changes of the landscape pattern, the principle of time-space evolution, multi-scale dynamic evolution, its landscape structure and spatial auto correlation characteristics in this region are analyzed. After the quantitative analysis of the effect of terrain factors on forest vegetation spatial pattern, also based on the trend analysis of biomass topographic factor, the topographic factors, such as the altitude, slope and its aspect, and the effect of its combined condition on the spatial distribution are discovered, in the CA-Markov model, the landscape pattern and its ultimate state patterns in the study area are simulated and predicted. And based on the naturalness evaluation of forest landscape, complete the design in different landscapes, put forward the reasonable configuration pattern of natural forest landscape from the type level and landscape scale, and combine near natural forest and (?) principles for the forest management planning and forest management technology to provide the theory basis, the main conclusions are as follows:With the analysis of the regional level landscape types, the overall landscape pattern is mainly composed of forestland landscape, with barren hills and wasteland, marsh land and residential land and other landscape patches dispersing in the forest, the distribution of each type landscape areas is not balanced, and the number of patches is significant different, and the forest landscape has a dominant position in the study area, the ratio of the two areas are 93.47% and 95.39%, controlling integrated landscape structure, function and dynamic process in the study region; artificial and semi-natural landscape are dominated. The zonal forest--forest ecological system formed by pine broadleaf forest, always dominates the dynamic development of forest landscape pattern in this region, and the overall distribution trend emerges from the low-altitude valley Yuza forest and Yang Hua forest to high-altitude pine and spruce fir forest.Based on the comparison analysis of two-grade forest landscape types:broad-leaved forest is regarded as the main body in the study region, the landscape pattern and landscape, and broad-leaved mixed forest, whose proportion are 74.94% and 82.45% respectively during two periods, Mongolia forest landscape and coniferous forest landscape are made up of the basic material,. In the 12 years, the succession order of dominated species in this region are pioneer species (Elm mixed forest, Poplar-birch forest, Larch Forest), companion species (mixed broad-leaves such as Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis), the top species (Spruce-fir), the ares of Poplar-birch forest, broad-leaved Korean pine forest and broad-leaved mixed forest in the succession series of lower stage, advanced stage and late stage, decrease, and the broad-leaved forest landscape in middle stage of succession increases, the characteristics of secondary forest are more obvious, and landscape heterogeneity is high, and near nature degree is low, the current situation of landscape spatial pattern are controlled by some environmental factors and interference conditions.From 1997 to 2009,the cohesion and contagion index of the study area have increased from 88.4128 and 97.7300 to 88.4128 and 98.3815;the Isolation index decreased from 1.144 to 1.1001. It shows that regional landscape fragmentation decreases and the distribution of landscape types tends to be concentrated and staggered from being scattered.The enhancement of the connectivity is conducive to the landscape function. And the landscape dominance index increased, however, the landscape spatial heterogeneity and diversity decrease, and the landscape dominance index and diversity index present a certain negative correlation, which reflect the differences between the area proportion of various landscape types increases.In 1997, Moran’s I coefficient is -0.11 while it is 0.42 in 2009. Based on the calculation of General G-statistic, it shows that the value of Z Score is 0.92 in 1997, and 2.06 in 2009. In accordance with the evenness of the theoretical calculation, it shows that in 1997 the index is 0.3207, and 0.2883 in 2009. On the one hand, it shows that based on Moran’s I and the result of evenly theory is the same, on the other hand, it also shows that the 12-years’study area of landscape pattern presents random pattern to cluster pattern, the development trend of natural secondary forest’s community structure presents relatively stable and in 2009 it presents the global spatial auto correlation in high value space (H-H together), but the overall landscape dominant index increases, and a single dominated landscape types has a promoting controlling role on the regional overall landscape.Based on Analysis of Geostatistical Analyst in ArcGIS 9.3, the maximum and minimum values of SHDI were 2.0463 and 0.2544 in 1997,while the values were 1.9722 and 0.2418 in 2009.What’s more, the preponderant region of SHDI distributes among middle zone in the study area and features the southwest to the northeast to strip shape.In accordance with GS (an software for geography statistics) and the calculation of semi variance in experimentation area as well as the analysis of theoretical fitting model,the diversity and spatial location in this scale of forest landscape has the moderate spatial correlation and obvious structural.According to IDW and Kring,it can be possible to obtain various index of space distribution in different scales of forest landscape.Under the support of ArcGIS, spatial overlay of DEM and dominant tree specie and an accurate description of the landscape elements of the dominant species distribution pattern in space, size, location or relative position as well as the quantitative analysis to the tendency of biomass terrain factors. The biomass of the regions of high altitude and low altitude are showed regular changes with the slope change, biomass is larger in high altitude and steep slope regions. The effect of the local slope factor on biomass is not an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of forest biomass.Based on the ultimate possibility calculation of CA-Markov and the unchangeable situation in research area of current operation, the final statement shows that the space of Broad leaved mixed forest and coniferous forest miscellaneous forest area increased but other types of landscape area are decreased.Meanwhile, the proportion of broad-leaved mixed forest area reached 59%,which occupies the absolute advantage position in the research area while the area proportion of spruce fir mixed coniferous forest which is the top of the forest landscape and broad-leaved Korean pine forest was only 3.9%,.Finally,this kind of situation will be harmful for final overall development of stability landscape pattern and does not fit management target of forest landscape.Based on continuum index (CI) to determine the succession of community, and according to the close nature forestry theory and the potential natural vegetation, through the objective quantitative research of forest landscape, its succession, dominant tree species, site conditions and forest landscape management, the concept of the natural landscape is put forward, and the degree of natural landscapes is divided into top natural landscape, senior landscape, intermediate transitional landscape and primary landscape. Based on the forest landscape naturalness assessment, the design of different nature forest ecological landscapes is completed, and the reasonable configuration of natural forest landscape pattern from the type level and landscape scale is put forward, in order to study the approaches and methods of natural forest landscape ecological restoration in Northeastern China, the total native species are dominated vegetation and forest landscape restoration and management technology are as the foundation, which enable to achieve the optimization of the forest resource structure, enhance forest productivity and overall functions of ecological system, and then realize the objectives of sustainable forestry business.With the support of ArcGIS 9.3, the typical research regions of landscape transitivity naturalness were taken as an example, the by suing VBA program, the three spatial databases were built from the different tree types of the field survey in 2009a, which belonged to the different periods of early succession, middle succession and sub-top succession, and then formed thematic database of GIS, according to the calculation formula of uniformity, through the C# programming to obtain the nearest distance, monopolized circle area, and uniform index, the results shown the uniform index were 0.331,0.288 and 0.275 of the three survey samples respectively, while according to the (?) theory, the some points of trees were removed, the uniform index was calculated again, which were 0.463,0.346 and0.290, respectively, furthermore, the optimization of forest spatial pattern forms were obtained from the later trees by the (?) theory for forest ecological thinning. |
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