| Non-agricultural habitat is an important part of agricultural landscape, and its reasonable complexity on the structure and function play a vital role in maintaining and improving the biodiversity of agricultural landscape. However, there is widespread anecdotal evidence that the highly intensive development of modern agriculture in the world has led to a large number of non-agricultural habitats disappeared, and hence the more and more simple structure of agriculture landscape. As a result, the functions and services of agro-ecosystem have been seriously damaged. Therefore, for the sustainable development of agriculture,studying and examining the relationships between agricultural productivity and biodiversity, landscape pattern and ecosystem functions and services have become more and more important. We set our study area in Fengqiu County of Henan Province in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Based on remote sensing image and landscape pattern analysis, non-agricultural habitats in the study area were investigation. By extracting and classifying the green land patches in the study area, the research mainly analyzed the structural attributes of non-agricultural green patches in the farmland matrix, explored the structural attributes of non-agricultural landscape elements and the effect on the plant species diversity in the typical agricultural landscapes, and explored the method of landscape structure optimization. At the same time, we realized the stakeholders' preferences for different agricultural landscape using the questionnaire survey,and analyzed the affects of landscape elements on stakeholders' preferences. Finally, based on the related research results, we carried out multi-scale landscape scene design for the current agricultural landscape,which will provide scientific bases for deeply exploring the proper arrangement of landscape pattern andbuilding a multifunctional landscape and will be beneficial to achieve the effective management and sustainable development of the agricultural landscape in the future. The main results are as follows:(1) The study results show that both of the total rates and area of green lands were low in study area.The main types of green patches of agricultural landscape in the study area are artificial forest, residential green land and hedges/ditch green land. Among which, residential green land are mainly small patches, and has a highest landscape fragmentation degree; The dominant green patches type is artificial forest distributed around the residential area, which has a lowest fragmentation degree. In all types of green patches, the number of the small-sized and medium-sized patches are large, but the total area is small,while the large patches have the least amount, but occupy a larger area. The results of the study on the characteristics of the composition and spatial structure of the green patches in the agricultural landscape show that: the study area has simple types and low richness of green land patches which showing fragmented spatially distribution and low level of landscape heterogeneity characteristics.(2) The study results showed that a total of 186 species belonging to 50 families and 164 genera have been investigated in the study area, 6 dominant families(Compositae, Gamineae, Leguminosae,Cruciferae,Labiatae,and Solanaceae) account for 51.6% of all species.The study area is dominated by the widespread species,the dominant families and genera showed obvious superiority over the lesser taxa.The species diversity of artificial forests and hedges are relatively high,while the plant species composition of the ditches is significant difference compared with the other two kinds of habitats. In different types of non-agricultural landscape structure, the plant have the highest species richness when the proportion of artificial forests similar to hedge/ditches. The landscape metrics have obvious effects on plants diversity in different non-agricultural habitats, and the influence of landscape fragmentation and human disturbance is significant. Which verified the hypothesis that the type and proportion of non-agricultural habitats havesignificant effects on plant species diversity and the more complex the structure of non-agricultural landscape elements are, the more higher the plant species diversity is.(3) The stakeholders have different preferences for different agricultural landscape. For example, the age of the respondents, the degree of education and whether to study or engage in environmental protection related work have different impacts on the selection results. Overall, most people are prefer for the agricultural landscape composition and structure which have a variety of landscape functions and services.However, due to the technical, financial and manpower constraints, the farmers can only maintain the status of the planting way. Most of the respondents said that if provided financial and technical support from the government and agricultural experts, they are very willing to transform the current agricultural landscape into agricultural landscape types and landscape structure with multiple functions.(4) Considering the stakeholder preferences, we choiced a variety of representative agricultural landscape elements and different structure types of agricultural landscape, then carried out multi-scale landscape scene design for different landscape types respectively. 5 sets of scenes were formed, which were designed to construct the agricultural landscape structure that integrating the functions of production,economy, ecology and aesthetics. In small scale, the landscape scene designs included 4 kinds of landscape elements(ditch, hedge, forest, field margin), which will increase the ecological and aesthetic effects under the premise of ensuring grain production and maintaining high agricultural productivity. In medium scale,the 4 types of non-agricultural landscape structure were reformed by increasing the proportion of different types of non-agricultural habitats to the state of equal proximity, increasing the proportion of all non-agricultural habitats in the study area, and enhancing the connectivity between different non-agricultural green patches. In large scale, according to the basic characteristics of different areas of Fengqiu County, the whole agricultural landscape was transformed according to the production area,economic living area and recreation area. Through various types of patches and corridors, the different functional areas were closely connected by building a point-line-surface integrated green ecological network.The study indicated that the type and quality of the non-agricultural, the complexity of non-agricultural landscape elements, as well as, the rational allocation of non-agricultural landscape have a positive significance to the protection of biodiversity in agricultural landscape and the promotion of agricultural landscape function. As agricultural landscape dominated by human operations, farmers are the most important stakeholders and farmland re-constructors. Under the macro control of the government policy, the change of agricultural landscape is largely determined by the farmers' willingness to develop,and their preferences affect the landscape management and development of agriculture. Therefore, in the process of structural optimization of agricultural landscape in the study area, it should be combined with the interests of stakeholders to complete the construction of agricultural landscape in the region. According to the above results, in order to increase the quantity and quality of non-agricultural habitats in agricultural landscape in the future, we should start with the transformation of the non-agricultural landscape elements.It is suggested to set up new types of non-agricultural habitats and increase the proportion of different types by adjusting the spatial structure and the configuration of different landscape elements in different scales,which will be beneficial to achieve the effective management and sustainable development of the multi functional agricultural landscape in the future. |
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