| In the Jin and Eastern Jin dynasties, the researchers, whether in imperial court or in the folk, were keen to discuss ritual system, and thus formed the focus of several major themes. We can called them ritual issues. In this paper, we studied the patriarchal issues, jongmyo topics, mourning topics and wedding issues in this time from the view of the ritual history and sociol history so as to reveal the characteristics of the ritual thoughts and the significance behind them.The great changes in the patriarchal concept of Jin dynasties have taken place compared with the traditional.First of all, due to the political system and cultural environment has changed, the views of patriarchal clan system has also undergone great changes as well as the patriarchal clan system. People have the pan-understanding to the concept "being the patriarch’s son". In Eastern Jin Dynasty’s related ritual disputed that many ritual scientists compared the adopted son to "being the patriarch’s son" is the manifest.This had reflected in the ritual order rallying process, the Jin person has the more intense contemporary consciousness, unifies vulgarly the ancient ritual and now, thus realizes traditional clanlaw ritual order modernity reforming.Second, the phenomenon of adopting other clan men to continue his clan was prohibited by laws and rites in Jin and eastern Jin dynasty. This phenomenon rarely occurred in the upper gentry, but actually often occurs in lower level. People compliance with or violation of laws were closely related to the economic strength of the different clans. While it also affected by the system of selected-officials. The phenomenon was frequent occurrence in society lower level because of the sharp wakening in patriarchal ethics. When the families who had non-male offspring can not get any relief from them clans, they had nothing to do but adopt a son as a self-protection outside the system.Third, the ritual scientists formed the concept that inheriting brother’s throne needn’t to be his son, thefore; they managed to solve the ethical dilemma that natural brothers become the father-and-son relationship. This reflected they had a more in-depth grasp to the Patriarchal System.And such principle had a greater impact to the succession system in ancient China.Fourth, if he who is not the former emperor’s son inherited the throne, he may not glorify his own parents to the emperor or empress. This shows the intention of dynasty to maintain the etiquette order of respect honorable people in Jin and eastern Dynasties. However,the etiquette scientists hold that small families which have sons can not be extinct, which reflects the spirit of the honor their parents was taken seriously.The dispute of " Dear honorable people"and" Honor their parents" reflects the etiquette scientists realized that Which one is more important depends largely on the situation and feelings. The dispute in the topic of adoption plays a catalytic role to reveal the internal structure of the patriarchal order.In addition, many ritual scientists and rulers have emphasized the differences in the identity and status of the bastard and legitimate child, which shows that they sopport the patriarchy’s. However, the situation is more complex in reality. First, the concepts of bastard and legitimate child in in people’s brain in Jin dynasties are different from the past. Second, Sima Yan’s edict to comply with entropy primogeniture was complying with varying degreesto his descendants.To the negotiation about the ancestral temple system, the Western Jin Dynasty adopted the idea of Wang Su mainly, while didn’t abide by the system of seven temples spaced which wangsu and zhengxuan both cherished.they mainly follow the Eastern Han Dynasty’s temple system which only one temple with different rooms. However, as the academic geopolitical change, the situation has finally been broken in Eastern Jin dynasty:Many ritual scientists accepted Zhenxuan’s doctrine and thus questioned the original temple system.The ritual scientists had a big controversy on the remove of emperor’s ancestral temples in Jin dynasties. The focus of controversy is whether who succeeded to the throne before must be the son of former emperor. Because of the Classical ritual books have taken both-will-do attitude to this problem, therefore the significance that discussion to this problem embodies is not to return to the classic, but the pragmatic spirit had by the jurists and Officials. And this pragmatic spirit is also the fundamental characteristic of the thought to the ritual study in that time. As a result, the system was established that who succeeded to the throne from his brother needn’t be the son of former emperor. The practical orientation reflected in the system’s negotiation is the right direction to the development of the richardwang, because this system can play its cultural function in identify lineage and carry forward the spirit of filial piety.Mother-child relationship has been unprecedented attention in that time by the rulers and the ritualists.Although they were still standing a patriarchal position, but they break through the boundaries of the traditional system and the views of the well-known Confucian figures in Han and Eastern Han Dynasties. They generally agree that the time of son’s mourning Dress can be put on longer than before when his mather was died.Of course, the fundamental reason that the rulers and the ritualists had this view is the form of patriarchal had changed in Jin and Eastern Jin dynasties so as the small family was out of the constraints of patriarchal clan system.The relationship between leader and his former subordinates,as wellas teacher-student relationship,were very high emphasis on in that time.How ever,due to excessive emphasis on the relationship since the Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of time, these personal relationships threaten ed court of law and political order after the establishment of the Jin dyn asty. After reflection, the rulers and the ritualists took limited control over such non-blood relations, that is, on the one hand they continued to rec ognize its legitimacy, and on the other hand they also rectified these rela tionships by restoring the ancient system of mourning dress.Wang-Su’s points had a profound effect on the liturgics in Jindynasty.But the thoughts of ZhenXuan has its spaces in that time, especially in the Eastern Jin Dynasty Jin Dynasty. The disputes about the the system of mourning dress in that time were mainly because of the different point of views betweem Wangsu and Zhengxuan.The ritualists chose their point of view rationally or even beyond their point of view instead accept them blindly accroding to their disputes of the month about the finish the mourning at his father’s funeral, and the grade of mourning dress to married stepmother,to children who died befor seven years old and in the reinter. These phenomena show the practical orientation and the tremendous vitality of the etiquette in Jin dynastis, people universal value the mourning system.But it was not means they would return to the ancient institutions.Most of them advocated increasing the level of mourning for their loved ones under the premise of keeping on the basic Principles in the system.And such can be reflected by their discussion about the question in the mourning.Marriage system had undergone major changes in Jin and Eastern Jin dynasty. Civil wedding customs constituted a great challenge to the traditional wedding system. The point of view in the discussion reflects the dialogue and contest between great tradition and little tradition. Although the little traditions retreated from the great traditional cultural territo in a different way at last, but it was beneficial to the little tradition in the dialogue and contest in the future.Besides, in Jin and Eastern Jin dynasties,the phenomenon that people marriaged in mourning period was very common. Many jurists and Officials carried out a discussion according to Sanli(三礼) and the meaning embodied from the etiquettes. The value of this topic is it reflects not only the intention that the dynasties rectified the folk customs with ancient ritual system, but also the viewpoint about the sign that marriage relation established in that time. |
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