| During the domination of the globalization through the world, researching ofanthropology, especially, one of the philosophical anthropology problems is definitelyhuman nature theory problem. Since philosophy originated, meanwhile mankinddesires to reveal the universe, as a wide range of researching for recognize ourselves,it has been one of the basic object of philosophy.“Comparative researching of human nature problem in Western, Chinese andMongolian philosophy” titled diploma thesis contains totally four basic chapters inwhich talked about the philosophical human nature problem on historical time review(Ancient, Middle age and Modern etc), and geographical condition (Chinese, Westernand Mongolian).In the first chapter: This chapter has three sub-chapters, in the first sub-chapter, Idiscussed historical development review of origin of philosophical anthropology andexpressed the status of the researching anthropology in philosophy. In the secondsub-chapter, the theories and views of human nature (Top-Down view, Bottom-Upview, Essentialist view, Non-Essentialist view, Anti-Essentialist view, Perfectible view,Thin and thick characteristic view), discovered by American scientist James F. Harris,its fundamental meaning were explained. In the third sub-chapter, I mentioned thatphilosophical anthropology how to be related to other branch of sciences such asreligion study, biology and the problem of anthropology differentiation in philosophyand politic so on.In the second chapter: This chapter also contains three sub-chapters andexpressed of the idea of historical problem of human nature in Western philosophy. Inthe first sub-chapter, I expressed the idea of Ancient Greece and Rome philosophersand there were plenty of view that is based on slavery and feudal social stratification.Moreover, there existed some of the view such as man is the reflection of an absoluteidea by Plato, man is a political animal by Aristotle; otherwise, there were view ofidealistic and moralistic explanation of human nature problem. In the secondsub-chapter, I expressed western middle age philosophy view of human nature. Thephilosophy of this period has own specific feature, and the Christian philosophy,dominating in that period was explaining all kind of philosophical view. Byidentifying and the categories of “love”,“belief”,“distinction of soul and body” etc, by explaining on the base of Christian religion, Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)introduced his philosophical human view.The end of the middle age, doctrine about human nature in philosophers’ viewintroduced widely, for instance, Thomas Hobbes spoke (1588-1679) in Leviathan, tosave the peaceful condition, man has “war” character. There are some attitude ofexplanation and comparison between the man and animals in Hobbes’ philosophicalbook. Moreover, he mentioned that man can be born “Good or Devil” nature fromorigin. Also in Descartes’ view of human nature, man is a rational animal, and inLocke’s view, born from mother, man’s mind is the same as fresh board “tabula rasa”so on. By the book of “A Treatise of Human Nature”, David Hume desired to revealnaturalist concept for researching psychological human nature, for establishing for ascience about human.In the third sub-chapter, emphasized modern view of human nature in history ofwestern philosophy. In this period, there was the revolution for human nature view bypluralistic. In Kant’s view, man has to be explained on the side of a priori knowledgefactor, also emphasized that man itself is an important object for philosophy. InSheller’s view, he made historical analyze for revealing the general base ofanthropology, also gave pluralistic explanation for human nature problem. In Feud’sview, man is an unconsciousness secret animal, in Cassirer’s view man is a symbolicanimal by establishing the culture with the symbol.In the third chapter: in this chapter, meanwhile historically expressing view ofhuman nature problem in Chinese philosophy. First, I stated that Chinese humannature view was based on the cosmological system, which contains three interactingparts. They are the nature universe, the self-realizing of the universe and the socialreflection of the universe. This cosmology direct developed to the views of how tocomprehend the human nature. Based on this premise, ancient philosophers such asKongzi, Mengzi, Xunzi, Gaozi and etc their view of human nature is explained. Itsview has had wide range of content that if human nature is Good or Devil or no Goodand no Devil so on.In the fourth chapter it has been explained that Mongolian philosophy and thephilosophy originated from Tibetan to Mongolia, which is named Gelugpa section inBuddhism, its talk about philosophical human problem in it. By cumulating the virtueand doing good virtue during this lifetime, man can improve the nature of Buddhahood since man rebirth again in this earth because of the action. In the second subchapter it has been expressed that the idea and content of man in Shamanismwhich is Mongolian original religion and ritual.By representing the human nature in the view of heaven and spirits, additionally,man exist in the middle of the universes, dividing into upper universe (paradise),middle universe (our universe), below universe (hell) with the power and magic ofshaman who has learnt the ability of connecting to the special grandparents spirits.Man, especially the man who is golden horde of kings is named heaven substance andheavenly man; also it means that specialized view of man’s origin.Moreover, in this sub chapter, man is consisted by soul and spirits, and afterliving in this universe with this human body, by depending on doing good or badaction, they can rebirth in upper universe or below universe. It means that expressingthe view of man’s good and bad action, also revealing the issue of ethics. In the directmeaning, man is moralistic animal.In the last sub chapter of in this Chapter: it has expressed that today’sphilosopher’s view of philosophical human problem, and one of the five dogmas inBuddhist philosophy, Mongolian astrology also has been expressed on the view ofhuman nature problem. Mongolian philosopher, in Agvaan-khaidav’s foundationalbook, I revealed explaining also concluded the idea of human problem such man iscomplex of body, mind and ration, therefore these have deep relation with each other.Modern scholar, in Balkhaajav’s view of human problem, man is a result of social andcultural product, highly potentiated animal. |
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