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Study On The Relationship Between British And Northeast China (1861-1911)

Posted on:2013-01-08Degree:DoctorType:Dissertation
Country:ChinaCandidate:Y MaFull Text:PDF
GTID:1226330395459073Subject:World History
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This study focuses on the relationships between the Great Britain and Northeastof China, starting from that Yingkou(Newchwang) was forced to open it’s seaportunder the pressure of the Great Britain in1861, to that the Qing Dynasty wasoverthrown in1911, which led to the end of the relations bewteen the Great Britainand Northeast of China. This study utilized the following archives and sources:Britishdocuments on foreign affairs-reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidentialprint. Part I,From the Mid-nineteenth century to the First World War.Series E, Asia:1860-1914; Chinese Maritime Customs historical Material:1859-1948; Britishparliamentary papers:China;Commercial reports,Newchwang;British Documentson the Origins of the War,1898-1914;Diplomatic history Material of Qing Dynasty;Modern Chinese railway history Material;Modern Chinese foreign trade historyMaterial,and fully researched the trading relations between the Great Britain andNortheast of China in modern times. Meanwhile, the relationships between the GreatBritain and other western nations are also discussed in the wide background of thewhole Northeastern Asia international relation.This study includes introduction, body and conclusion. The body part consistsfour chapters.Introduction chapter includes literature review on relationships between theGreat Britain and Northeast of China in modern times, analyzing the weak points andshortages in this field, and pointing out the academic value and practical meanings of this study, introducing the research methods, structure, innovation and even the weakpoints of this study.Chapter two discusses the establishment process of the relations between theGreat Britain and Northeast of China in modern times from strange to getting in touchwith each other, and to the relations established. During this time, the northeast ofchina itself has changed deeply, forbidden policy gradually being relaxed since themid and later Qing Dynasty. Meanwhile, with the change of international society andunder the pressure of wester countries on the falling down Qing government and thedefeat of Opium War, the British capitals were extended to Northeast of China. TheBritish capitalists’ development urgently need new market and material abroad and thebroad northeast of China just met their needs. Therefore, the Great Britain forcedNewchwang (after Yingkou) to open it’s seaport, as her invasion base. The consulateof the Grea Britain and all kinds of business units were established in Yingkou tocontroll Yingkou customs and break the way for her further invasion. This broke thecurtain of the relations between the Great Britain and Northeast of China in moderntimes.Chapter Three discusses the trade relations between the Great Britain andNortheast of China after openning Newchwang port. Based on the consulate’sbusiness and customs report, this study analyzes the main trading area,characteristics between the Great Britain and Northeast of China in moderntimes and even the competing relations between Britain and other countries,mainly focusing on shipping,opium importing, cotton texture products,exporting trade of northeast of china and raw material grabbing. Britain forcedthe seaport of Northeast of china openning and developed their trading for thepurpose of dusting goods and grabbing new materials.The whole trend of thetrading relations between Britain and Northeast of China during this period isthat formerly, Britain played the upper hand; during the middle time she had tocompete fiercely with other western countries; later she was overpassed inmany trading areas by other countries. All this derived from the British positionchanging in northeast of China. Russia and Japan gradurally strengthened their position in northeast of China, which made the competition of western countriesmore fierce. Therefore, the trade relations between Britain and northeast ofchina reflects the complex relationships of western countries in northeast ofChina.Chapter Four analyzes the competition between Britain and Russia inNortheast of China by the end of19th century. On the one hand, their conflictscame from that Russia rented Lushuan and Dalian area. On the other hand,they fighted for the railways within and outside of Shanhaiguan. Theirconfronts in northeast of China is not only the extension of their rivals inEurope and Asia area, but have it’s regional characteristics. British policytoward northeast of China mainly aimed at business, while Russia srived forterritory expansion and political interests, which caused the their confront andconflicts. Naturally, they didn’t distinguish from each other, but lightlydifferentiated in the mode of invading and the damaging to northeast of China,by putting the interest of northeast of China as their bargains. Consequently,Britain began to unavoidably compromise with Russia when she put herinvading focus more on Yangtze River area. The rivals between Britain andRussia at this time has affected their influences and policies in northeast ofChina, even in the Far East, and meanwhile, which made Britain realized thegreed of Russia, the weakness of herself and the helpless of her isolatedpolicy. This indirectly caused the latter alliance between Britain and Japan. Thecompromise between Britain and Russia restricted British political influence innortheast of China and her rivals with other western countries.In Chapter Five the attitude and policies that Britain adopted among therivals of western countries are shown. With the British political influencewithering in Europe and Far East, Britain withdrew from it’s “Splendid isolation”policy step by step. Especially in northeast of China, she allied with Japan,resisting Russia. Afterwards, Japan and Russia mediated their relationship andplotted to partition northeast of China. Meanwhile, USA eagerly got involvedinto the affairs of northeast of China. Till then, northeast of China became the abattoir of western powers. Back to Europe, Britain and Russia began toalleviate their relations and Britain weakened her resistance toward Russia innortheast of China. In the rivals, Britain didn’t support or even agree withUSA. Contrarily, she tacitaly approved and supported Japan and Russia for thereason of Britain-Japan alliance and Britain-Russia compromise. Till the QingDynasty was overthrown, the relations between Britain and northeast of Chinahave come to a conclusion.
Keywords/Search Tags:Great Britain, Northeast of China, Trading relations, Confronts betweenBritain and Russia
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