NMR-based Metabonomic Analysis On Metabolic Regulation And Adaptation In Training And Competition Of Combat Sport

Sports training and competition have a systemic impact on metabolism, which can not be clari Sports training and competition have a systemic impact on metabolism. Metabolism of sport and training has been intensively studied nearly100years through traditional biochemical methods. However, the systemic effects of training cannot be clarified by several indicators. Metabonomics (Metabolomics) is proven to be a powerful strategy to reveal the mechanisms involved in systemic metabolic responses induced by sports training and competition through studying global changes of endogenous metabolites.In this thesis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics, along with pattern recognition was employed to reveal:1) metabolic regulation during competitions of combat sport;2) metabolic adaptation induced by long-term training in fencers and Sanda players.In the introduction, I reviewed the recent literature on using a metabonomic approach in sport and exercise field, analyzed the major findings, shortcomings, and its potential applications in the future.In the first section of Chapter I, we studied the metabolic regulation during a national fencing competition, analyzed its molecular mechanisms. Urinary metabolites were examined by NMR before and after the competition. Metabolic profiling revealed pronounced shifts in the several metabolic pathways during the competition, including the citric acid cycle, metabolism of creatine, amino acid, ketone body and purine nucleotide. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) concentration decreased, and metabolic biomarkers of oxidative stress increased after the competition. Interestingly, we found several amino acid neurotransmitters which suggested an inhibition of nervous regulation. Furthermore, the generation and removal of ammonia may be important in foil competition.In the second section of Chapter I, we studied the metabolic regulation during a Sanda competition. Furthermore, we examined metabolic reactions of three training procedures, and compared them with those of a Sanda competition, so as to analyze the effectiveness of the training procedures. Results showed that the metabolic patterns were different between them. In the Sanda competition, the global energy metabolism changed much more than training. Amino acid contributed more in the competition than in the training procedures. Heart rate variability analysis also expressed a lower down-regulation of parasympathetic activity in the competition, indicating the energy consumption increase derived from the neural activity might be an important feature in combat sport.Chapter Ⅱ focused on the metabolic adaptation by long-term specific combat training and its underlying regulatory mechanisms. Fencing and Sanda’s athletes were compared to a gender, age-paired healthy control, and to sprinters as athlete control. Fasting urinary samples were collected in three consecutive Monday morning, to find metabolites, which were distinctive between the groups. We tried to find biomarkers of metabolic adaptation in combat sport. Results showed that the metabolic patterns of the combat athletes were different from healthy control, and from sprinting athletes as well. Some metabolic biomarkers were identified which relevant to creatine metabolism, amino acid metabolism and intestinal flora metabolism between combat athletes with non-athletes. Type of energy storage, the dominant metabolic pathways, antioxidant capacity, neurotransmitter concentrations were different between combat sport athletes with sprinting athletes. The metabolic adaptations are accumulating effects of long-term discipline-specific training and competition. The identified metabolites can serve as potential biochemical indicators in training monitoring and evaluating.Chapter Ⅲ is a case report. A Sanda player who experienced a rapid weight loss which led to a significant decline of sport performance before a competition. Section1and2described respectively the metabolism pattern changes in the steady-state and in the dynamic state respectively during the rapid weight loss procedure. Results showed that energy metabolism of steady-state up-regulated in the early stage, and then down-regulated in the late stage. The enhanced oxidation of ketone bodies for energy consumption was important primarily in the late stage. During the period of very low energy intake, sports training resulted in a metabolic disorder and disruption of the stability of internal environment, which might do harm to health.