| In the mid-fourteenth century, the Renaissance broke through the medieval darkness, starting a new era for the western historical development. From this point on, the modern western history witnessed the beginning of the anti-feudalist struggle in the ideological sphere. At the same time, it brought about the ideological emancipation and elite culture movement in science and technology, humanity, as well as intellectual and many other fields in modern western society, ushering in an era of great development in modern western history. Western society experienced in succession such great ideological emancipation movements as the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Bourgeois Revolution and such great wave as the founding of the Capital Democracy. Meanwhile, the ever-increasing scientific and technological revolution and innovation were penetrating into the newly entrenched western capitalism. As the mainstay in the global vision, the European Global Exploration and Global Colonization facilitated the development of modern western world. Widespread and spectacular social movement not only constitutes the basic developing mode of modern western world, but also serves as the origin and the cornerstone of modern western thoughts. A profound ideological core is an indispensible part of a great age. In term of sports and physical education, the fundamentals of modern ideology of physical education and sports comes forth exactly in modern times. The ideology development of physical education and sports goes hand in hand with that of western intellectual history, forming a basically concordant developing logic. Therefore, a study of the development of the modern western ideology of physical education and sports would be significant not only for the study of sports and physical education as a noumenon but also for the study of the development of western intellectual history. This constitutes the primary logical starting point.From a historical perspective, this study takes as its object the modern western ideology of physical education and sports. By a comprehensive application of such various studying methods of documentation, historical analysis, logical analysis and system theory, the author attempts to take an insight into the development and innovation of the ideology, make an in-depth exploration of the influential factors and social ideological trend for such development and innovation, and make a further study of the logical relations between various factors and the development and innovation of sports and physical education ideology, with an ultimate aim of building up the system of the modern western ideology of physical education and sports.The dissertation falls into the following chapters: Chapter One, Introduction. It involves the relevant concepts, scopes, objects, methods, as well as research approaches and the status quo for such a study both at home and abroad. Chapter Two: Origin of Modern Western Sports Ideology. Through a brief account of ancient western sports culture, it attempts to locate the cultural DNA for modern western ideology of physical education and sports. Chapter Three: Beginning of Modern Western Ideology of Physical Education and Sports. The generation of modern western ideology of physical education and sports starting from the Renaissance is discussed in this part. Chapter Four: Early Phase for the Development of Modern Western Ideology of Physical Education and Sports. The focus is on the early development of modern western sports and physical education ideology under the influence of the Protestant Reformation. Chapter Five: the Preliminary Formation of the System for Modern Western Ideology of Physical Education and Sports. It is put forward that the preliminary theoretical system for modern western sports ideology are finally constructed under the influence of the Enlightenment. Chapter Six: Modern Western Physical Education and Sports Ideology and the Development of Gymnastics. The guidance of modern western physical education and sports ideology theory on gymnastic practice and their mutual effects are mainly discussed. Chapter Seven: Modern Western Sports Ideology and the Development of School Physical Education. The research here is primarily focused on the guidance of modern western sports ideology theory on school physical education and their mutual effects. Chapter Eight: Olympic Games and the Development of Modern Western Sports and Physical Education Ideology. The special contribution made by Coubertin in terms of the development and modification of modern western sports and physical education ideology are reviewed in this chapter.The fundamental conclusions made in this study include:1) The modern western ideology of physical education and sports generally experiences two major stages of development. One is the stage of the basic thoughts and theory system formation, including three main development periods, namely: the birth of physical education and sports ideology in the Renaissance period, the preliminary development period of sports and physical education ideology theory in the Protestant Reformation years, the basic theory system formation period of sports and physical education ideology in the Enlightenment times. The other is the stage of sports and physical education ideology combining with the practice of sports and physical education development, main showed as its starting in the late 18 th century, its ideological theory combining with gymnastics, with school sports and physical education, and with the Olympic movement, in the same time of guiding sports and physical education practice development, it is also further enriched and developed from its original ideology and theoretical content. The basic characteristics of the modern western ideology of sports and physical education: by centering on the awakening of humanity, the emancipation of humanity and the returning of humanity, to understand sports and physical education and discuss the status and role of sports and physical education in modern social education development process. The development history of modern western sports and physical education ideology starts from the individual cultivation, developing into the training and cultivation of all humanity. Thus, it establishes the main line of going from flesh to spirit and morality, from the need of personal development to that of national and social development.2) In the history process of modern western society development, the formation and development of sports and physical education ideology not only have close relations with sports and physical education practices, but also have some logical relations and interactive development with western politics, economics, philosophy, culture and even social customs in modern history. The awareness of rules and the ideas of democracy and equality formed in sports and physical education field are influenced by western thoughts of contact, political equality, economical global development and commercial competition. These value of sports and physical education, with the development and spread of school physical education and Olympic Games global development, feed back to the development of western society, and makes these value and ideas get further development, and also have sports activities become the important driving force of the popularization of western democracy, equality, fair competition value and ideas, become an important power to promote the change of people’s life concept, custom transformation and civilization development.3) Under the influence of scientific and technical revolution and the bourgeois revolution, modern western ideology of sports and physical education, in combination with gymnastics and school physical education, gains great development. It not only proves the leading and guiding role of sports and physical education ideology theory towards sports practice, but also enriches and complements the contents of modern western sports and physical education ideology, leading to the diverse development tendency of sports and physical education ideology. The Olympic Games starting from the late 19 th century is more than a sporting event. Rather, it is more of a cultural movement for the international society. Apart from inheriting the existing theoretical achievement of modern western sports ideology, Coubertin put forward some new issues concerning sports theories, for example, competitive events, popular sports, women sports, etc. all this further enriches and amends the contents of modern western sports and physical education ideology, enabling it to better guide the sustainable healthy development of modern sports and modern Olympic Games. Influenced by social ideological trend and philosophical thought, the objects of modern western sports and physical education ideology experienced a successive process, from concerning the individual physical health, the harmonious development of personal body and soul, the collective training of spirits and morality of a community, the human rights to pursue happiness to concerning the peace and harmony of human society. The development of sports and physical education ideology achieved the conversion from individual physical and mental development to the realization of personal value, from national development to the embodiment of western mainstream value4) In modern times, the development of western sports and physical education ideology established a specific logical correlation with the beginning, development and maturing of western capitalist society. It was the reflection of capitalist cultural system in physical culture, as well as a phased summary of physical culture in the development of capitalist society. In the six-century development, taking human emancipation as the guide, the social educational activity as the foundation, and following the time as its trait, modern western sports and physical education ideology became a comparatively complete ideological system. Its contents can be summed up as: the school physical education and sports ideological system in the field of capitalist school education, under which physical education serves the intellectual, moral and spiritual education, as well as the maintenance of physical health; the social sports ideological system influenced by socialist ideology, under which sports and physical education combine with vocational education and production to serve the all-around development of society and humanity; competitive sports ideological system in the field of Olympic competitive sports, which serves to educate the youth, to encourage self-challenge, to embody equality and democracy and to pursue friendship and peace among all human beings.5) Logically, the spatial evolution of modern western sports and physical education ideology is closely related to the development of capitalist society. During the Renaissance, Italy established itself as the birthplace of modern western sports and physical education ideology. Later on, with the development of western society, the Great Britain and France in Western Europe, Denmark and Sweden in Northern Europe and Germany in the Middle Europe became the important developing center for modern western sports and physical education ideology in succession, building up the fundamental space for such ideology. The changes in space demonstrate the spatial expansion in modern western sports and physical education ideology. They also demonstrate how the western sports evolve from a cultural sparkle to a fierce fire of modern western sports and physical education ideology, influencing the modern development of the whole world sports. Sports and physical education ideology is an ideational sports culture and a spiritual guide of sports and physical education development. Starting from concerning the individual physical health, modern western sports and physical education ideology begins its modern development. It evolves from physical health to mental well-being to further shape the morality of all humanity. From the nobleman to the civilians, from the individual to the nation, then to the whole human society, the ideology continuously improves itself, enriching and flourishing the modern western sports culture. At last, an equal, democratic and peaceful sports value came into being, laying a solid ideological foundation for the modernization of western sports and physical education culture. |
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