A Theoretical And Empirical Study On The Management Of Outstanding Scientists

The study on management of outstanding scientists has become a hot issue in the academia of sociology of science, philosophy of science, history of science, management of science&technology and other related disciplines, but is lack of system. To systematically study must begin from the analysis of science institutionalization and scientists professionalization. The quantity of outstanding scientists grew exponentially with the accomplishment of science institutionalization and scientists’professionalization. And there are inevitably a lot of problems in the group of outstanding scientists with science sociality being strengthened continually. So the study on management of outstanding scientists would be inevitably carried out. The basic problem is the regular pattern issues that outstanding scientists grow up and further contribute to scientific knowledge. From the analysis of the existing research and developmental conditions the latter should be more concerned.That is to say, we must more concern on the regular issue of outstanding scientists further contributing to scientific knowledge. Around the basic problem, the primary problem mainly includes two aspects; one is primary problems about the regular pattern of outstanding scientists’growth up, which mainly includes their family conditions, geographical conditions, university education, workplace, relationship between masters and apprentices, collaborative research, and so on. The other is about the regular pattern of they further contributing to scientific knowledge, which mainly includes Age Management, reward-punishment management, stratification management, role management, and so on. In short, the management of outstanding scientists is necessary and feasible, and therefore has important theoretical and practical value.Analyzing from the historical perspective, the study on management of outstanding scientists had in turn formed four representative and basic patterns that were the planning mode represented by Bernard, the free mode represented by Polanyi, the ideal mode represented by Merton, the social constructivism mode represented by the school of Sociology of Scientific Knowledge(SSK).If the debate between Bernard and Polanyi was the struggle between plan and free, the debate between ideal mode and the social constructivism mode was between ideal and reality. Planning mode focuses on planed nature of science development, but free mode focuses on autonomy of science. The ideal mode focuses on Autonomy of Science in scientific community, but the social constructivism mode focuses on sociality of science. These four modes have both positive and inevitable negative effect. So if want to build the contemporary management mode of outstanding scientists, it is not any one of the four mode but the mode of synthetically inheriting and developing the four. Building the contemporary management mode of outstanding scientists crucially maintain appropriate tension between planed nature of science and freedom nature of science, and between autonomy of science and sociality of science, but Boils down to achieve positive social running.How do carry out the study on management of outstanding scientists in the end under the present historical conditions? It is not only a theoretical problem but also a practical one. At first we must answer this question who is the outstanding scientists. It must be combined with the reward system of science. Recognition is currency in Kingdom. The outstanding scientists are the scientists who had received significant recognition. Therefore it is necessary to respectively research to general scientists’ and outstanding scientists’recognition and evaluation. General scientists’recognition and evaluation can be conducted according to their research achievements, but outstanding scientists’are deeply suffered from Matthew effect. According to the hierarchical situation of reward system of science, the final pursuit of outstanding scientists is eponymy as the highest recognition, thus they achieve historical mentions. Certainly they must assume the important responsibility of society. Therefore, the fundamental purpose of the management is that outstanding scientists continue to contribute to science knowledge and ultimately will be mentioned by history. To achieve the purpose need promote the formation of outstanding scientists’ group by social stratification, make outstanding scientists’group younger by age management, promote outstanding scientists’group to continue to contribute science knowledge by role management and impel outstanding scientists carry out responsible research of science by reward-punishment management. These are the basic ideal of the management of outstanding scientists. In practice, carrying out the management of outstanding scientists needs some special strategies. Combined with the basic problem of the management of outstanding scientist, the basic strategies mainly include training strategy, institution strategy and economy strategy. The training strategy’focus is mainly the training of outstanding scientists, the institution strategy is mainly the growth of outstanding scientists and the formation of outstanding scientists’group, and the economy strategy is mainly using economic benefit to further stimulate outstanding scientists’growth and further contribute to science knowledge. We should more focus on the institution strategy due to global sharing of educational resources and limited function of economic stimulus.It is particularly necessary to carry out the management of outstanding scientists for China. Although Chinese outstanding scientists’group has preliminary scale, there are still some issues need to be resolved in order to further promote their growth. These more prominent problems are, the first is that the group of the outstanding scientists in China is aging, which seriously affected the sustainable development of science and technology; the second is that there are more serious Matthew effect in Chinese science research field, which severely restricted the Chinese comprehensive development of science and technology, the third is that there are more serious roles alienation in the group of outstanding scientists in China, which leaded them deviate from science research and then China is difficult to catch up with the world advanced level in science research, and the fourth is that the academic pursuits of outstanding scientists in China is only domestic, which leaded China difficultly to occupy an important place in the world of science and technology. In view of these, we need to reform science&technology system and adjust science&technology policy accordingly. Combined with the basic problem, the basic theory and the basic route of the outstanding scientists’management, we need in turn to reform and adjust from the three levels including the macro, the meso and the micro. From the macro guiding ideology, we need to create a good social atmosphere in accordance with the law of the interactive development between science&technology and society, to enhance the autonomy of science research organization in accordance with the developmental law of science research, to achieve the coordinated development of industry-university-research in according with the law of the interactive development between science&technology and economy, to further strengthen basic research to promote innovation in accordance with the developmental law of science&technology. From the meso basic norms, we need to focus on promoting scientists to take social responsibility, to establish and perfect the appropriate reward-punish system, to form the diversified system by improving the relevant science&technology regulations and need to improve Chinese academician system. From adjusting the micro specific strategies, we mainly need to clear and achieve outstanding scientists’strategic pursuit, to ensure outstanding scientists’work hours, to ensure sustainable development between old, middle-age and young scientists, and to ensure outstanding scientists to coordinate the various roles.In short, systematic study on the management of outstanding scientists is still in preliminary exploration stage, but also must deeply discus from theoretical and practical aspects.