Study On Ecological Compensation Mechanism Of River Basin

As an economic method to protect water source area, Ecological Compensation of RiverBasin which aims to mobilize the enthusiasm of the ecological construction and the protectorsin the water source area，is a synthesis of the interests motivated mechanism, incisivemechanism and coordination mechanism which can promote water resources protection.Based on the theory of public goods, externality theory, ecological environment valuetheory，cost-benefit theory，sustainable development theory and ecological capital theory，by using the method of qualitative and quantitative research, case study, game analysis, etc,this paper conducts an investigation in water ecological compensation mechanism from theperspective of production water and operation water use, including the definition of the mainbody of the compensation, the determination of standard compensation, and the right choiceof compensation method and countermeasure and proposal.According to the purpose，basin water resources can be divided into three parts：production water, operation water and ecological water. Among these， the productionwater is the water resources in basin used for agriculture, industrial and residents living. Theagricultural water is the water being used for primary industry，including farmland water，forestry water，animal husbandry water and rural sideline water, etc. Industrial water is thesecond industrial water, which is consumed mainly for maintaining the industrial system.Residents living water refers to the water vital for residents’ everyday life, containing ruralresidents water and urban residents living water components. The compensation subjects ofthe production water in basin mainly involves agricultural production water body， industrialproduction water body and residents living water body. And the repayment subject iswatershed upstream region who provides ecological services.To determine a reasonable standard of ecological compensation is an important conditionto ensure the smooth implementation of river basin ecological compensation mechanism.Aiming at the production of water, this paper analyzes three kinds of water body, respectivelydetermine the calculation method of the compensation standard according to thecharacteristics of different water. The compensation fees for agricultural water shall becalculated according to it output function， compensating proportion, the coordinationcoefficient of water quality, etc. For industrial water,it can be calculated according to thewater consumption, repeated use of water rate and water quality coefficient. Thecompensation standard of living water for residents is the use of fuzzy evaluation method to evaluate the value of water resources, and then according to the actual situation to determinethe specific basin water price, and then determine the compensation standard. Then accordingto the characteristics of each water respectively to determine the compensation standard, andcalculate the amount of Tai’an should be compensate the upstream laiwu. After calculation,agricultural production water body in Tai’an should compensate57.539million yuan to Laiwu;the industrial water body should compensate563thousand yuan; and the residents livingwater body should compensate49million yuan.As for choosing the compensation modes of production water in a river basin，thegovernment compensation and market compensation have both strengths and weaknesses, soit should put several compensation modes into consideration in the choice of compensationmodes for production water in basin, in order to better serve ecological compensation in theproduction water within a river basin. Ways of compensation mode and compensationapproach should be diversified. Agricultural water subjects have a large but dispersed numberwith uncertainty, but water consumption amount can be determined. The governments orspecialized agencies assist sign the water property right agreements between upstream unitconcerned and agricultural water subjects to implement the open-trade mode of ecologicalcompensation. The ecological compensation subjects of industrial production water can bedetermined by its scale, large and medium-sized enterprises choosing one-to-one up streamtransactions, small businesses paying environmental fees and materializing ecologicalcompensation by means of government transfer payment, qualified enterprises by means ofecological markup. The living water subjects can be compensated by agreements between tap-water undertakings and upstream governments, however rural living water should duly reducecompensate rate.Operation water refers to the water resource used in service industry which takes water asthe profitable carrier, among which hydraulic power industry, tourism, aquaculture and inlandtransportation account for a large proportion. Operation water subjects mainly involve tourism,hydraulic power industry, aquaculture and inland transportation, while the repayment subjectsrefer to the units, governments or individuals who have made contributions to ecologicalenvironment protection or abandoned the right of development in this river basin.The analysis of the game between compensation subjects and repayment subjects bymeans of evolutionary game theory concludes that only when the compensation rate is R canthe agreements between upstream repayment subjects and downstream operation watersubjects reach a state of stability. The compensation standard can be determined by theprotection cost of repayment subjects, the consumption amounts and purposes respectively. The ecological compensation of operation water should adopt the market compensationmode, which mainly includes two concrete compensation modes, namely direct compensationand indirect compensation. Capital compensation, having stronger operability, is the mostdirect and common mode of compensation, also guarantee the steady source of ecologicalcompensation fund. Intellectual compensation, a hematopoietic mode of compensation, isfulfilled by upstream labor training, ecological agriculture technology training, freetechnology guidance and counsels and providing various professionals for some upstreamindustries.It is found in the empirical analysis of ecological compensation of Dawen River Basinthat from the perspective of compensation connotation, the ecological compensation ofDawen River Basin includes both pollution compensation and protection compensation, hencebelongs to the ecological compensation in the broad sense; from the setting of compensationstandard, compensation is based on the water quality, which has the advantage of simpleoperation and low cost and problems of low compensation rate and determination ofecological compensation amount without considering the condition of water and so on; fromthe mode of compensation, the ecological compensation in Dawen River basin belongs togovernment compensation, therefore inevitably there exists such problems as short-term andunsustainable implementation of ecological compensation and failure to fully reflect theprinciple that those who benefit compensate; from the compensation principle, it belongs tocompensation across administrative regions, so this compensation mode internalizes itsexternality; The chain of the ecological compensation piloting spots of Dawen River Basindoesn’t include other relevant cities except Laiwu and Taian, consequently the compensationmechanism needs further perfection. It is presented in this thesis the suggestions of perfectingecological compensation mechanism of Dawen River basin from the perspective of expandingcompensation subjects, perfecting the determination methods of compensation standard andexploring new compensation modes and forms.