Russian Waterway Transport From The Second Half Of18Century To The First Half Of19Century

This paper discusses the condition of Russian waterway transport from thesecond half of18century to the first half of19century, and describes geographicalenvironment of all the waters, and its ports, cargo traffic, the number of vessels andtransport scale, so as to reflect the role of waterways in regions and the developmentof entire national economy.This paper is divided into eight sections:The first chapter—Introduction briefly discusses the historical significance andpractical significance of the topic, and introduces current research, clarifies researchmethods, research ideas and innovation and shortcomings.Chapter II introduces the Russian waterway transport conditions, including threeparts: waterway transport characteristics, type and characteristics of the Russianships, the Russian river workers. Russian cartage slowly developed, laxly managed,poor road conditions directly affect the transport capacity and traffic speed.Compared with animal transport, there are many advantages in waterway transport.Waterway transport needs less investment, less effort, less need for labor, lowertransportation costs, and has the greater load, in some ways has the speed advantage.Therefore, waterway transport become the major way in Russia. But the waterwayalso has its own weaknesses. State attaches importance to waterway transport, andbuilt many canals, the most important are Vyshny Volochyok Waterway, Tihvinskayawater system and Mariinsky water system, forming the waterway network of wholeRussia. Wooden ship is the main means of transport, all regions have built ships fordifferent purposes. After the advent of steamships, non-steam-powered vessel hasbeen greatly marginalized. Russian river workers including pilots, trackers, shipworkers, and so on. Studies the living and working conditions of workers in all typesof river.The third chapter elaborates Russia’s most important waterway system--Volga-Kama River and the Caspian Sea region waterway condition. The waters extendingfrom the Baltic to the Caspian Sea and the Ural region, its role in the Russianeconomy is self-evident. This chapter describes the Volga River Road, Kama riverroad, shipping in Caspian region, and the main terminals, logistics conditions andspecies of goods transport. Focuses are on two major ports of Volga basin--Rybinskand Nizhny Novgorod, showing their development. The major transport products of Volga are food, salt, iron products, wood and various industrial products. Kama Riveris the largest tributary of the Volga River, linking the Central regions and the Uralregion. Focuses are on navigation conditions, shipping and freight structural conditionof Kama River. The major transport products of Kama River are Ural metallurgicalindustrial products, salt, timber, grain and other goods. Caspian Sea is the world’slargest saltwater lake, its most important ports areAstrakhan and Baku.Chapter IV is entitled by the water transport in northwest Russia and the BalticSea. This chapter studies the three main waterway: Vyshny Volochyok Waterway,Tihvinskaya water system and Mariinsky water system, and waterways and shippingstatus of Western Dvina, Nemunas and the Baltic Sea region. The three mainwaterways connect the Russian Central regions and the capital St. Petersburg, mainlytransporting grain, timber, iron products. Western Dvina and Nemunas are importantregional rivers in northwestern region. Baltic is windows facing Europe. Its mainports are Petersburg and Riga.The fifth chapter is waterway transport in northern Russia. the White Sea and theBarents Sea is the main waters in northern Russia. the Sukhona--Northern Dvina isthe only access to the inland. The region’s main transport products are timber, food,food and industrial products. Arkhangelsk and Onega are most important ports in thenorthern coast.Chapter VI discusses waterway transportation problems in the southern region ofRussia. the main rivers in the region are the Dnieper, Don, and the Black Sea-Azov.the Dnieper and Don have numerous tributaries, the Black Sea-Azov are theimportant shipping area in southern Russia. The area is a huge cargo distributioncenter in southern Russia, the major transport cargo of the Dnieper basin are timber,grain, hemp fiber. Black Sea-Azov as an important sea routes in southern Russia, isvery prosperous in international trade increasing the flow of goods every year beforethe Crimean War, Odessa, Kherson and Nikolayev are the most important vessels andgoods distribution center.Chapter VII is waterway transport of the Siberian region. Compared with otherwater lines, Siberia waterways late develop, but take prominent role in the economicand trade links of the Siberian region and Central Industrial Centre. This chaptersystematically elaborates the basic characteristics of Siberia shipping, its conditions inthe first half of the19th century, the development of waterway transport in Siberia inthe second half of the19th century. Chapter VIII is the historical significance of Russia waterway transportationfrom the second half of the18th century to the first half of19th century. Russianwaterway transport has huge impact on Russia’s social and economic development.The development of waterway transport not only promotes the development of theshipping industry itself, but also promotes the development of the shipbuildingindustry and the rise of the steamship company; from the perspective of commoditycirculation, the river transport promotes Russian domestic commodity exchange andthe formation of domestic markets.The last—conclusion. The authors conclude: Russian waterway transportationpromotes goods circulation and economic development, accelerate the formation ofthe national market.