| During ming and qing the two dynasties attached great importance to water transport,in order to ensure south yangtze river grain tranport to the capital, The central government not only set up the river governor, the water transport governor, the granary governor a series of officials cooperate with each other, Work together to protect water transport order and stability, and establishment small grain barn in the local society, in the important city along the canal establishment large granary, In Beijing and Tongzhou establishment Jingtong granary. these scale different, size not same granary all belong to the national water transport important part,and grain, Cao Jun, Cao Chuan, Cao Ding formed the complete water transport system. This paper is divided into eight chapters, add introduction and conclusion plus, consists of ten parts, each part is a separate chapter, but also with the preceding chapter after each other, together constitute the main body of the article.The introduction part is mainly the academic history, the research status of this topic is summarized and discussed, which results from predecessors, and on this topic, research scope, innovation, writing method to describe and introduce.The first chapter, Introduced water transport granary before the Ming and Qing, From the Shang giant bridge granary to Yuan river granary, The evolution of China water transport with the development of water transportation and canal excavation interwovenness. Sui, Tang, song, yuan canal granary system, is based on the social stability, economic development, river unblocked foundation, cao granary functions from a single military supplies to disaster relief, food security, the balance of the multiple functions. At the same time; At the same time, despite before the Ming and Qing cao granary provides experience for the later development of granary, but because the system is not perfect, there are many defects and deficiencies.The second chapter, In this chapter, Introduces the historical evolution of Beijing and Tongzhou granary of the Ming and Qing, the change of grain number, warehouse repair. The Ming and Qing Beijing and Tongzhou granary system have many similarities, but also have their own different characteristics. Appear this kind of circumstance, In addition to the change of water transport, system change, canal situation have a great relationship,also with Warehouse management, political change, Innovation of technology factors inseparable. The third chapter, The Ming and Qing Beijing and Tongzhou granary have a set of complex and rigorous operation and management procedure.It includes not only the granary officials appraisal,reward and punishment, election, appointment and removal, but also includes grain storage, cashier, audit, is an important national political affairs. In the warehouse management, not only has the warehouse officials mutual cooperation between and supervision, Also has the selection and distribution of grass-roots work personnel, Even the warehouse guard, weighing instrument, Open and close the warehouse time have detailed provisions. This not only shows the central government attaches great importance to the Beijing and Tongzhou granary, also shows that the field itself system security and complexity.The fourth chapter, Mainly discusses the Ming and Qing large grain warehouse edge of the canal, large grain warehouse located in Tianjin, Dezhou, Linqing, Xuzhou, Huaian, the canal city, is established with the development of water transport and the canal, These granary not only can transport and store a large amount of grain, but also plays a famine relief, army food supply, fill the BeiJing and Tong zhou granary shortage, engineering uses grain, have many functions in the state and local society.The fifth chapter, Ming and Qing Jingtong granary stored millions and tens of millions of stone grain, Not only affect the country’s political, economic, military, but also play a vital role. The political aspect, Beijing officials, garrison, Royal were leaning tribute rice; The military aspect, the frontier Weisuo, wartime spending, to quell the rebellion all need grain supply; The economy aspect, disaster relief,food prices balanced, market stable all not leave the tribute rice support.The sixth chapter, Ming and Qing Jingtong granary and Waterside grain warehouse in its development and evolution, With the water transport decline and national official corruption, produce a lot of Malpractice. In the Ming mainly supervision eunuch destruction of the granary, In the Qing, have huahu,rogue, gangster harassment and theft, These people all regard the Beijing and tongzhou granary as the origin of profit, In order to obtain benefits, between them have Cooperation also have conflict. Although the government has to rectify the granary policy, Although the government many times to rectify the granary,but because river malpractice, water transport of grain malpractice, granary malpractice has been difficult to cure, so the effect is not obvious.The seventh chapter, The Ming and Qing Dynasties Beijing and Tongzhou granary although have strict management, has a strict guard system, but the flaw in the plan, Still in hundreds of years happened too many to count fire, This is not only the prevention of neglect, also have deliberately set fire, Involves many factors of granary dark, Is a direct reflection of the granary malpractice.The eighth chapter, Small Cao granary is the starting point of state grain storage in local society Ming and Qing, These granary are mainly distributed in the canal and the provinces along the Yangtze River, The surrounding people to pay taxes and is engaged in commercial transactions, belonging to the community public space. In these places have the people harmonious pay the grain, Also has gentleman, rogue, reading people to the country tribute rice rob, Even have fierce resistance movement.The conclusion mainly carries on the summary and sublimation of the paper, and deepening in all the writing foundation to improve. |
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