Governance Of Difference Sequence:a Research On Stratification Interaction Between The State And Rural Society

For the current social science research in China has not really clear:is what kind of interaction between the state and rural society in the end? The two research paths have been some problems: First, the study from theory abroad to experience in China, civil society, corporatism, governance theory and other theories have been general lack of explanatory power in China, the main reason is that the theoretical premise does not exist in China. Second, the study from Chinese experience to the local theory also appears to lack of strength to explain the "state-society" relation. Totalism, pressure system, dual track politics and centralized minimalism, or their social background has undergone changes, either they explain the relationship between state and society with a part of the community instead of the entire community. By which rural governance research deeply affected, and rural governance research often put the relationship of "state-society" on the villages, which causes that the state subjectivity and society subjectivity are not adequately reflected. Thus, inspired by the domestic "process-event" analysis and "structure-system" analysis, the author constructed the mutually embedded analytical framework of "actors and’state-society’relationship structure" to study the relationship between the state and the society in China, based on Previous theoretical and empirical studies, exemplified by the practical experience in Flower Town.The relationship between the state and rural elite has been in transition. The state always chooses different types of rural elite cooperatively to govern the rural, according to the intention of the different stages. After entering the modern society, it is a very feasible path to analyze the relationship between the state and rural elite from the perspective of "state regime construction". In the late Qing Dynasty and the period of the Republic of China, the state appeared "involution" in state regime construction, profitable brokers replaced protective agent into the village governance; After the founding of the PRC, state regime construction had been completed, the state integrated and control rural society in all directions, In the socialist ideology, the poor and lower-middle peasants become rural elite who dominated the village governance; After the reform and opening up, carrying out state regime construction in the "township government and village governance" pattern, rural elite began to diversify, but now the state is more and more inclined to choose the economic elite to bear "state regime construction". The present state regime construction has changed from Power penetration and resource extraction to power penetration, provision of public goods, development of rights and obligations of rural citizens and so on, in rural areas. In the practical experience of Flowers Town, the special status of economic elites can do a little special achievements, only in the provision of public goods in rural areas, as for other aspects contribute little. The present more possible logic about the alliance of state and economic elite is in the background of project scheme development, township can establish a typical rural development, create the promoted achievements for principal officials, economic elites can increase their own interests, which is the core logic of the close interaction of the present state and economic elites.Different positions of the thinkers on what is the distributive justice and how to realize the justice of distribution have great difference, mainly because of differences of the logical starting point of their thinking distributive justice:Utilitarianism thinkers adhere to the principle of utility and the greatest happiness principle, based on the greatest happiness of distributive justice; Liberal thinkers study redistribution based on rights, which is divided internally into the equal distribution justice and freedom justice in holdings; Communitarian thinkers research redistribution based on public good, advocating that community good has prior to justice; Marx think about the problem of distributive justice based on relations of production, and argues that distributive justice must not go beyond the social economical structure and the social cultural development restricted by the economic structure. In the process of modernization, China has undergone several transformation of distributive justice: from "giving priority to efficiency due consideration to fairness" to "first time allocate to pay attention to efficiency, repartition to pay attention to fairness" to increasing the labor share in income distribution. The state policy system often directly affects the justice of distribution. In the practice of Flower Town, if the state policies finally distribute interests to general population on the bottom line of their expectation, it is a kind of harmonious and disciplined interaction based the bottom line between them. If they are under the bottom line, after a period of fermentation of precipitation, the general population will intensely fight with the state, against the injustice result which caused by the policy. When the state implements policy, if the program is justice, or procedure injustice on the bottom line tolerated by general population, the state and the general population will appear to be a peaceful and orderly interaction. If the program injustice descends to the bottom line tolerated by the general population, they exhibits an intense game interactive based on the bottom line.State autonomy theory had its origin in the state relative independence view of Marxism view of the state, and later developed into the new Marxism state view, now has been inherited and developed by "Return to the State" School. Developing countries need stronger independent to guarantee the modernization construction order, which is proved to be the world’s experience. China’s state independence also has historic characteristics:before the reform and opening up, the state had the absolute autonomy for society; after the reform and opening up, the state autonomy appeared two phenomena:one is the increasing institutional ability, the second is the increasingly weakened ability to execute national policy and system. After combing the existing studies, it is found that state agency’s township autonomy is a non-complete autonomy, which mainly is affected by the upper government policy, legal and system, social ideology, human rights discourse, the role of government and the marginal groups and other factors. In the interaction between state and marginal groups, the Flower Town autonomy is mainly as follows:to construct tight petition management network, to design multiple adjustment program of petition governance, to mobilize all available resources and to execute by arbitrary style. Arbitrary executions is smooth intractable petition out with concessions, policies flexibility and government backing. Playing games with the state, the marginal groups autonomy is reflected in growing awareness of their rights, being good at using politics, importuning the state "believing in the petition, disbelieving in the law" and so on. When two independence collide in the current rural governance, state and marginal groups show a discrete interaction.From Marx and Webb’s two classical theories of social stratification and its development, several generalized conclusions can be drawn at least:first, the social stratification standard is the subjective reflection of the objective social facts; second, social stratification standard is associated directly with the scholar’s interest in the theory; third, the social stratification criteria is a tool with which scholars explain and transform the social fact; last, the later scholars cannot rigidly view these classic and developed theories of social stratification, and should take them into the social fact of development and change, to find the new standard of social stratification, thus to make interpretation of the development for the developed social facts, and to promote the healthy development of society. In order to wealth and income, policies and systems, strategic action, identity and prestige as the social stratification criteria, Flower Town’s society can be divided into the elite groups, general groups and marginalized groups. After thousands of years of sedimentation, the traditional social structure——pattern of difference sequence has been deep in the Chinese culture values. In the process of transition from traditional to modern, the pattern of difference sequence cannot maintain the original state as a profound, traditional and social relationship structure, cannot suddenly disappear, but can show a new appearance according to changes in the social facts. The interaction between the elite groups, general groups and marginalized groups in the Flower Town governance, follows the unique interest and emotional logic in the present. With the state as the core unit, the interaction shows the characteristics of difference sequence pattern between the state and the elite groups, general groups and marginalized groups, which are difference around the state.