On The National Convention In1931

By professional groups organize a national convention to resolve the current political situation,this political claim was first put forward by Wu Peifu, after that Liang Qichao,ZhangJunmai, Chen Duxiu, also have their own claims. After1923, tsao kun to expel li yuanhong, linedictatorship, the Cmmunist Party according to the published "Chinese Communist Party for theclaims",advocated by the Kuomintang (KMT), called for a national chamber of commerce, tradeunions, peasant associations, student union, and other professional groups, elected representativesheld a national Convention. After the first national congress of the Kuomintang (KMT)and Beijingcoup, Sun Yat-sen accept the National convention of the Communist Party, and decided to go northto discuss the coun, sun yat-sen’s thinking on north all the way,on the way the propaganda nationalconvention was widely spread, at the same time, tuan chi-jui urged that the rehabilitationconference to fight for the political advantages, but its the rehabilitation conference in opposition tothe national people’s ended in failure. With the spread of the national convention, and thecommunist party of the situation was constantly propaganda, eventually formed a nationwidemovement of national convention of thirties of the19th century.On the development of the National Convention movement at the same time, theestablishment of the Nanjing National Government was founded, opposed to Wuhan NationalGovernment, Chiang kai-shek resigned to Cunningham both confluence, the newly formed Nanjingnational government was founded, and Zhang Xueliang in theswitch after the formal unification ofthe country. But the national government in Nanjing is not a piece of iron, factional struggles,Chiang kai-shek through the political means to differentiation, and with the military attack, finallycompletenational reunification, which sun yat-sen’s thought as the basis of political tutelage, beganhis political training practice. The formulation of Chiang kai-shek ’spolitical tutelage the practicebegan in the political tutelage constitution. Chiang kai-shek in the Central Plains war has not yetended when published "Jiangelectric", hope that the public opinion of the people the power ofmaking laws,the convening of the National Convention of the period of political tutelage, to realize the rule of the reasonable and legitimate. But the party has been part of the opposition to developon the provisional constitution in the political tutelage period, mainly represented by Hu Hanmin.Chiang kai-shek advocatedmaking laws that fundamental law in the period of political tutelage thecountry and the people together, but Hu Hanmin adhere to the prime minister’s highestlaw guidancefor all countries and people, instead of making laws. Jiang Hu argue about Whether making laws inthe period of political tutelage, is the essence of politics and power between them, and it is the"constitution" controversy, Chiang kai-shek became the first leader of the party, commandingthemilitary and political power, the national convention can be held smoothly,there are noobstacles.In January1,1931, the national government promulgated the "National Convention electionlaw","National Convention election law enforcement law" and a series of representative election,relevant laws and regulations of the organization of the session and. The voters and candidates,election presided over the organs and their functions, made detailed provisions for elected officialsand the right scope. This National Convention on behalf of the election by occupationrepresentation as a basic principle, from the peasant associations, trade unions, chambers ofCommerce and industry groups, education, elected national university and the Ministry ofeducation accredited university, free occupation groups. A total of520, elected by the450people,22people of Mongolia city were selected, selected12people, Tibet10people were selected,26people in the overseas chinese. The number of deputies in the province, with average system as theprinciple, assigned to each approved occupation groups. The occupation group members engagedin addition to the outside, but also has certain service life and has not changed the industry, to beelected.The Nanjing National Government at the beginning, began on the regulation of various socialgroups in society, to change the social disorder state. In the early Republic of China, there are alarge number of social groups, they not only have their own members, activities in the region ofrelatively fixed, but in social life plays an increasingly important role. Since the beginning of theRepublic of China special historical environment of social development, the number of the politicalgroups grew rapidly, and their ability to participate in politics is that the national government ismore and more uneasy. In view of the development status and social activity ability of the group, the national government control of grass-roots society first from a social group to start, throughreorganization and restructuring, the future development of community organization, communityactivities, and even the society into the Kuomintang controlled, and that in order to control thepurpose of the whole society. After the reorganization of the social groups need to register in thegovernment, and by the national government audit have elected national convention representative,that is to say, only these have the vote each occupation group members have the right to vote. Eachgroup will have its voting membership information record, to the election monitoring and generalsurveillance audit determined, then the audit results announcement, representative and eligible to inaccordance with the relevant provisions, to direct elections, mixed, registered even vote, electedlast Congress, made the election situation report by the election of chief supervision, the audit andannouncement, finally elect in written form would be. In addition to Mongolia, Tibet and theoverseas Chinese regions, provinces and cities nationwide occupation groups are generated by thisprocedure election. The representative of the election procedure is slightly different, first of all bysenior party members responsible for the review of all eligible to vote, and then by the district partymembers of Congress, in the name of vote vote elected Congress, but the election of deputies to theKuomintang is produced by the designated and free elections in two ways, the number ofcandidates and the central specified accounted for1/2. Occupation group representative electionsand the electoral belong to two independent electoral system, but also subject to the kuomintang.In May5,1931, the national convention held in Nanjing, the meeting a total of eightconference, received on behalf of the bill by400pieces, discussed by the general assembly hasmore than20pieces. On behalf of the proposals contents cover and contain everything, mainlyabout politics, economy, military, diplomacy, culture and education etc.. The main purpose of thenational government held the national convention is to the constitution of the period of politicaltutelage, so for the constitution of discussion also has become the focus of discussion at all in thebill. At the first meeting of the National Convention on the constitution draft was discussed,received written statement on the draft amendments to a total of sixty-nine, these comments in theConstitution Review Committee classified, discussed in detail later, put forward again in the fourthsession of the national convention, by the representative of the Constitution (Amendment)discussion. After the three reading program,"the Republic of China Constitution" the period of political tutelage through, and by the representative table decided to come into effect from June1,1931. Congress listened to the "national government to destroy the red bandit report case", there isalso the representative of the bill. In addition, the assembly also issued a "Declaration of theabolition of unequal treaties","peace" to the unified power, discussed and adopted the "determinethe educational facilities","the trend case industrial construction procedure such as" bill.The election of deputies to the National Convention, is the first national elections after thefoundation of Nanjing national government, and will be the main way for occupation representativeelection, practice and application in the national scope, this is also the first time, there is noprecedent experience, also can hardly be avoided many problems existing in the election. Since theconvening of the national meeting up hastily, the ruler adopted to facilitate the operation of theprinciple, regardless of whether they have the conditions to implement. But the national conventionin the national scope, from the representative election held by the Kuomintang led and control tothe conference, and within the Kuomintang, is by the Jiang Jieshi group to dominate and control inthe Kuomintang Central occupy advantage. The scope of the electoral restricted strictly, eligible tovote by the Kuomintang control, but also in the election process in the uneven distribution of therepresentation, manipulation of elections, the last selected occupation groups represented in theNationalist Party and the national government officials accounted for a considerable proportion, butnot pure it is also illustrated by representative generally do not have the national convention. Cansay, the national convention is the Kuomintang Jiang Jieshi according to their willingness to unifiedproduct the will of the nation, is a realistic choice of maintenance rule, rather than the so-called"public opinion" collection. But in the modern election system development point of view, orembodies the certain times and progress, has its historical value.Although the elected representatives of the National Convention is not a universalrepresentation, the delegates proposed bill is also in favor of the Kuomintang’s point of view, butmany representatives elected by the normal campaign, there is also concern about people’ssufferings proposals, and representative bill proposed, most still have some the rationality andmaneuverability, are also in the ruling give counsel, but due to the limitations of the Kuomintang,led some bill does not have the possibility of implementation; some bill just Assembly resolutionthrough, but no specific measures; also some motion is not proposed in Congress, but can only be set aside.