Efficient Conversion Mechanism Of Dairy Manure By Mini-livestock;Hermetia Illucens L. And Microbes For Protein And Lipids Source

The price of convention protein source such as soybean meal and fish meal used in the livestock,poultry and aquaculture compound feed is very higher.Hermetia illucens represent a possible novel alternative protein resource for livestock sector,whereas the fat can be utilized for biodiesel production and residues to be used as bio-fertilizer.However the current knowledge and feasible method for the production of black soldier fly larval meal on livestock manure at farming facilities is limited.1.Co-conversion of mixtures of dairy manure and soybean curd residue by black soldier fly larvae(Hermetia illucens L.)The increasing numbers of dairy farms cause massive manure production and its improper disposal poses threats to the environment.Larvae of the black soldier fly(BSF)have the potential to convert this animal manure into valuable biomass;however,the high fiber content of dairy manure(DM)makes conversion difficult.Therefore,the goal of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of co-conversion of DM with another ecologically problematic waste source: soybean curd residue(SCR).The waste sources were fed to BSF larvae using different mixing ratios.DM and SCR mixed in a ratio of 2:3 was found to result in the best outcome measures: development time(21 days),survival rate(98.4%),waste mass reduction(75.4% wet and 56.6% dry waste mass),bioconversion(11.6% on wet and 14.6% dry mass base),feed conversion ratio(6.4% wet and 4.0% dry),nutrient utilization(nitrogen,62.1%;phosphorus,52.9%;carbon,66.4%),and fiber content reduction(cellulose,64.9%;hemicellulose,63.7%;lignin,36.9%).Analysis of the structural changes of cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin by scanning electron microscopy let us assume that black soldier fly larval activity did leads to structural modifications of the fibers.Our results show that coconversion of DM with soybean residues by Hermetia illucens could play a vital role in DM management.2.Cellulose decomposition and larval biomass production from the co-conversion of dairy manure and chicken manure by mini-livestock(Hermetia illucens L.)Another attempt is that mixture of dairy manure and chicken manure was digested by Hermetia illucens.In this study,we found that the co-conversion process significantly enhanced the larval production,waste mass reduction,rate of larvae conversion,feed conversion ratio,nutrient reduction and fibers utilization.Whereas dairy manure and chicken manure mixture group in a ratio of 2:3(DM40)was showed better results than other manure mixtures groups and had a significantly increased the cellulose consumption by 61.05%,hemicellulose consumption by 53.86% and lignin consumption by 42.23% compared with 49.89%,49.79% and 31.95%,respectively,in the dairy-only manure group.Finally,scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the structural changes of dairy manure,chicken manure and their co-conversion mixture.3.Inoculating dairy manure and chicken manure with symbiotic bacteria triggered cellulose hydrolysis and black soldier fly larvae developmentIn this study;a co-conversion process using Hermetia illucens larvae to convert the previously studied best mixing ratio of dairy manure and chicken manure(2:3)and cellulose degrading microbes was established to enhance the larval biomass(Protein and fat)production and manure nutrient degradation.About 26 g dry larval meal produce with 37% lipid and 43% protein from the 1000 larvae on 1000 g of mixed dairy manure and chicken manure(2:3)ratio within 19 days.About 72% cellulose,68% hemicellulose,32% lignin,68% fat and 71% protein in the manure were digested and utilized for insect biomass accumulation with the aid of cellulose degrading microbes.The native manure sample(pretreated)and after the treatment with black soldier fly was characterized and analyzed with scan electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.4.Black soldier fly larvae fat derived biodiesel production and assessment on diesel engineBlack soldier fly is a novel and attractive substitute resource to edible oils and fats for biodiesel production.The results showed that the fat from black soldier fly was suitable for biodiesel production and most of the fuel properties were correspondence with the specification standard biodiesel EN 14214.In this study,the combustion,performance,and emission of BSF biodiesel(BD)were explored,and compared with the conventional diesel fuel(DF)combustion in diesel engine(DI).Experimental outcomes showed that under low load,early and late fuel injection time(FIT)can attain low temperature premixed combustion(LTPC)that resulted in prolonged ignition delay(ID)and increased heat release rate(HRR).It has been observed that equivalent fuel consumption(EFC)rate of BD was driven higher by increasing FIT and fuel injection pressure(FIP)but lower than pure DF.Moreover,oxide of nitrogen(NO)emission rises with early FIT compared to late FIT,whereas the early and late FITs can reduce the smoke emission.The low blending ratio recorded the reduction in NO emission and EFC.The HRR was found to be high in higher FIP due to the increase in the proportion of premixed combustion.Furthermore the NO emission was increased with the rise of FIP,but smoke emission reduced during the process.Therefore current work validated that insects biodiesel have potential be used in a diesel engine and thereby,reduce the use of conventional biofuels and fossil diesel.