| The Asian Longhorn Beetle(ALB),Anoplophora glabripennis(Motsehulsky)(ColeoPtera:Cerambycidae:Lamiinae:Lamiini)is one of the most important broadleaf tree trunk borers and widely distributed in China,damages healthy trees and victims living trees and has caused huge losses to China's forestry,chiefly by larva eating into the host branches and trunk and caused by the infestation trees growing weakness or death.Domestic and foreign scholars have done a lot of research on the host selection of yA.glabripennis,but the research is not so systematic and clear on the relationship betweenA.glabripennis ' hazards and the host's volatiles,secondary compounds,enzyme relations.Therefore,striving for a new way to control A.glabripennis from chemical ecology angle,this paper selects the host Acer negundo,Betula platyphylla,Ulmus pumila,Salix matsudana and the non-host Tilia amurensis,Quercus mongolica which are obviously different in the degree of damage within the core test area as research objects,does in-depth study of the relationship between the volatiles,secondary substances,enzymes and A.glabripennis 's hazards and provides a theoretical basis for the effective control of its hazards.It's of great significance to explore the application of chemical ecology method to control the hazards of A.glabripennis.The results are as follows:1.Investigation of harmful levelsOn the basis of the initial grasp of A.glabripennishazards in the test area,select the plots of the same or similar site conditions,there is a detailed investigation on the damaged plants rate of six kinds of broadleaf trees such as A.negundo,B.platyphylla,U.pumila,S.matsudana,T.amurensis,Q.mongolica,which are planted on that area.The results show that the damaged trees rate on A.negundo,B.platyphylla,U.pumila,S.matsudana are 89%,56%,39%and 33%respectively.All have reached the level of disaster.The palatability in descending order are A.negundo,B.platyphylla,U.pumila,S.matsudana.T.amurensis and Q.mongolica are not hurt.2.The relationship between A.glabripennis hazards and the broadleaf healthy branches volatilesDuring A,glabripennis adult emergence peak period,using summa canister and GC-MS technology,collect and detect A.negundo,B.platyphylla,U.pumila,S.matsudana,T.amurensis,Q.mongolic healthy branches volatiles,analyse the correlation between A.glabripennis hazards and the volatiles' composition,content,diurnal variation rhythm.The results showed that the fingerprints of the 6 kinds of broadleaf trees is different.The volatiles component composition of A,negundo,B.platyphylla,U.pumila,S.matsudana,T.amurensis,Q.mongolic were respectively 20 kinds,32 kinds,20 kinds,33 kinds;41 kinds,27 kinds.The main components are the same,including alcohols,terpenes,ketones,esters,anda small amount of acids,alkanes,aldehydes,benzene;but the content ratio of the main components is different.These volatiles might have attractant role for A.glabripennis,including ethanol,3-hexene-l-ol,?-terpineol,3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene,R-a-pinene,?-pinene,1,2-pentadiene,dibutyl phthalate,camphor,acetone.Benzene might have a repellent effect.The same plants,early,middle and late,the release of volatiles kinds and content have differences.There is correlation between A.glabripennis hazards and release rhythm of the volatiles.A.glabripennis prefer parasitism in the tree species of relatively high esters content,relatively few volatiles species and moderate terpenes content during the morning.3.EAG and behavioural responses of A.glabripennis to plant volatilesAccording to the results of our analysis,refer to report of A.glabripennis host volatiles,select 12 kinds of plant volatiles,including the cis-3-en-l-ol,myrcene,phellandrene,3-carene,S-?-pinene,camphene,R-?-pinene,S-?-pinene,limonene,ocimene,hexane and ethyl acetate,determine EAG response of A.glabripennis by using electroantennography.On that basis,study the behavioral reactions to the 9 kinds of plant volatiles,including the myrcene,S-a-pinene,R-a-pinene,S-?-pinene,phellandrene,limonene,ocimene,camphene and ethyl acetate by using Y-type tube.The results showed that there are different in the olfactory receptor of A.glabripennis antennae sections,and the second section of the tip is the most sensitive.The isolated antennal activity in the changing law with time is different between the female and the male.The female's was slowly weakening and the male's decreased drastically in 0.8 h,and then showed a slow weakening trend.The female and male antennae lost their activity basically in isolation after 10 h and 2.8 h,respectively.In the intensity of the feelings of the volatiles,there are significant differences between the female and the male.At the concentrations of 0.4 and 2 mol · L-1,EAG responses of female and male are significant to 12 kinds of volatiles(except male to S-?-pinene).Higher concentration of ocimene,myrcene has obvious rqpellent effect to male,and higher concentration of ocimene has obvious repellent effect to female.S-?-pinene,S-?-pinene,Ethyl acetate,R-?-pinene,phellandrene and camphene have obvious attracting effect(except the males toS-a-pinene and the female to camphene).Limonene has no attracting or repellent effect to both male and female adults.4.The relationship between A.glabripennis hazards and plant protection enzyme activityUsing UV spectrophotometer,detect the enzyme activity of CAT,POD and SOD on the trunk cortex,phloem and xylem of A.negundo,B.platyphylla,U.pumila,S.matsudana,T.amurensis,Q.mongolica,and analyse the relationship betweenA.glabripennis hazards and the enzyme activity.The results showed that there is a correlation between A.glabripennis hazards and plant protection enzyme activity,which is quite obvious between the hobby host and the host.In CAT activity of different plants or different parts of the same plant species,there are significant differences,which is positively correlated between A.glabripennis hazards and CAT activity of each layer(Except the cortex of B.platyphylla,the phloem layer of S.matsudana).In POD activity,different plants are different,and the difference is significan.Hobby host A.negundo is greater than the other three hosts,and the hosts' are greater than the non-hosts'.Significant positive correlation presented between A.glabripennis hazards and the cortex,phloem,and no significant correlation with the xylem.A.glabripennis hazards had no significant correlation with each layer SOD activity;and showed a positive correlation with CAT + POD + SOD activity.The three enzymes play a collaborative role in the protection of plants.5.The relationship between A.glabripennis hazards and plant defense enzymes and protease inhibitor activityUsing UV spectrophotometer,detect the enzyme activity of PAL,PPO,TI and CI on the trunk cortex,phloem and xylem of A.negundo,B.platyphylla,U.pumila,S.matsudana,T.amurensis,Q.mongolica.Discuss the relationship between A.glabripenis hazards and plant defense enzymes and protease inhibitor activity.The results showed that there are a correlation between A.glabripennis hazards and plant defense enzymes and protease inhibitor activity.In PAL activity,there are significant differences between different tree species in Cortex,phloem,and three layers activity sum.There is negative correlation between A.glabripennis hazards and 4 hosts' PAL activity.A.glabripennis likes to harm the tree species of smaller PAL activity,and the ones of no significant differences in cortex and phloem activity.A.glabripennis hazards and each layer PPO activity,there is a significant negative correlation between hobby host A.negundo and general host,and no apparent regularity between the general host plants.There is no obvious correlation between A.glabripennis hazards and each layer TI activity.A.glabripennis hazards and CI activity,there is negative relationship between host and non-host,there is no obvious regularity between four species host trees,and a significantly negative correlation with each layers total activity.6.The relationship between A.glabripennis hazards and plant phenolic acidsUsing HPLC,detect the content of 12 kinds of phenolic acid inside the above 6 kinds of broadleaf trees' trunks,analyses the relationship between A.glabripennis hazard and each of phenolic acid content,and the content stability.The results showed that there is correlation between A.glabripennis hazards and phenolic acids content,and the content stability.there is no relation betweenA.glabripennis hazard and ferulic acid,phenol,benzoic acid,salicylic acid,coumaric acid content,but there is relations with the stability of the content.The stable content tree species are victimized seriously.With the content of syringic acid,phenylacetic acid and caffeic acid is positively correlated,and the stable content tree species are victimized seriously.With the protocatechuic content is positively correlated,but the tree species of unstable content are victimized seriously;with chlorogenic acid,gallic acid content and content stability unrelated.That is,syringic acid,phenylacetic acid,caffeic acid,cinnamic acid,protocatechuate content high;and syringic acid,phenylacetic acid,caffeic acid,ferulic acid,phenol,benzoic acid,salicylic acid,p-coumaric acid content stabilized;or:iginal protocatechuic acid content unstable;the tree species are victimized seriously,and their insect resistance is weak.We studied the law of chemical defense of host plant,combined with the bio-ecological characteristics and the damage degree of hosts of A.glabripennis,revealed the relationship between A.glabripennis emergence and volatiles of host plants diurnal variation rhythm,enzyme activity,phenolic acid content,and the content whether or stable,figured out the mechanism between A.glabripennis emergence and the composition chemical defense of host.On exploring the use of means of chemical ecology control(for cntrolling)A.glabripennis hazards is of great significance. |
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