Research On The Difference Between Mongolian Languages In Mongolia And China

In this thesis, Mongolian languages of China and Mongolia, or Inner Mongolian dialect and Khalkha Mongolian dialect are as research objects, and comparatively studied differences between two countries' Mongolian languages in the writing, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. This thesis includes the introduction, four chapters and conclusion.In the introduction, I referred the research purpose, significance, literature review, theoretical method and other basic information of the thesis. Sanjeev divided Mongolian language into six separate Mongolian languages. But his such a division was directed to Mongolian people's language (former Mongolian People's Republic) and Inner Mongolian people's language. Inner Mongolian dialect is the most widely distributed in China, and it is accounting for over 90% of total population of Mongolian nationalities in China. Simultaneously, the Khalkha dialect which is used in Mongolia is the basis of the national language of Mongolia, and Khalkha Mongolian people who use this language occupy a major position in the Mongolian-speaking world. Both Mongolian languages due to different countries create mutual differences. Especially, the Inner Mongolian dialect has been changed by the great influence of Chinese. There will always be an influence at languages which contact with each other, and language impacts are often multifaceted, not only existing voice variation, but also existing vocabulary absorption and syntax penetration. In order to highlight the influence of Chinese which affected to the Inner Mongolian dialect, I will make a comprehensive comparison on the Khalkha Mongolian dialect and the Inner Mongolian dialect, and reveal the differences between them. This is the main idea of writing the thesis.In the first chapter, I referred the origin of Mongolian language, changes of history, separation of various dialects and current situation of two countries' Mongolian language. Mongolian language originally branched from an ancient language of known as Altaic language, and people had been using variety of dialects which have differences with each other until the era of Genghis Khan. The establishment of Mongolian empire at 13th century promoted approaching and close contact of various dialects of Mongolian language at a certain extent. Mogul, Dagur, Mongor, Baoan and Dongxiang languages are likely separated from Mongolian language during this period. The late 15th century, Mongolian feudal lords for their own interests and honor began fighting each other, and this battle continued until 18th century. Mongolian people who were living in their own home again dispersed to places where they cannot connect with each other from 17th century to 19th century. In this situation, the differences between the various dialects was getting bigger and bigger, thereby formed mutually unintelligible separate languages. Mongolian people who live in China and Mongolia are majority among World Mongolian Ethnic Groups. Due to Mongolian people live in different countries it is affected by different faiths and civilization influence, thus modern Inner Mongolian dialect of China and Khalkha Mongolian dialect of Mongolia although keep their original nature in all aspects of vowel harmony, consonant position, syllable structure, affix and suffix system, but it has already become two different dialects which have very big differences on all aspects of vowel composition, long vowels, diphthongs, voice assimilation, change of rub consonants. In addition, this chapter also discussed Mongolian language voice, change of written language, writing which was used by Mongolian people, source of existing Inner Mongolian and problems of historical evolution of language.In the second chapter, I referred the differences between voice and writing of the two countries. Mongolian linguists divided Mongolian ethnic language into four branches, these are eastern, western, northern and central Mongolian. The central dialect includes Khalkha, Chahar and Ordos dialects. The western dialect includes Durvud, Bayad, Torguud, Myangad and other Oirat dialects. The northern dialect includes all kinds of Buryat dialects. The eastern dialect includes Harqin, Horqin and Sunit dialects. Besides those four dialects have local dialect characteristics, also have similar common points. Because Khalkha and Chahar dialects belong to Central Mongolian, it has common point on the speech, also has difference. In addition, differences which are caused by Mongolian people of the two countries use different writing exist. For instance:Chahar dialect does not have Khalkha dialect's affricate z, ts and consonants which record these phonemes.In the third chapter, I made a comparative research on the vocabulary part of Inner Mongolian dialect and Khalkha Mongolian dialect from the perspective of inherent words and loan words. As for two big branches of modern Mongolian, most of the words of Mongolian languages of the two countries are same on the perspective of the inherent words. There are only some of dialect differences and different words in Mongolian languages of the two countries on the perspective of the inherent words. There are many transliterated words from European and American languages in Khalkha dialect on the perspective of the loan words, and there are many transliterated words from Chinese in Inner Mongolian dialect. When compare the number of loan words in Mongolian languages of the two countries, number of the transliterated words from Chinese in Inner Mongolian dialect is triple than number of the transliterated words from European and American languages in Khalkha dialect. In addition, there are many differences which arose from using synonyms among Mongolian languages of China and Mongolia. For example, there are two synonyms, one of them is used in Khalkha dialect, and another one is used in Inner Mongolian dialect. The last two sections of this chapter discussed the differences of idioms, new words and old words of Mongolian languages of the two countries.In the fourth chapter, I made a comparison on various additional components of various grammatical categories and expression of grammatical categories in Khalkha dialect and Inner Mongolian dialect, and revealed their different forms in old Mongolian language and new Mongolian language. Various complex additional components of the existing Inner Mongolian old Mongolian language have fallen into disuse or become a simple form in the existing Mongolian new Mongolian language. In addition, singular and plural forms of personal pronouns are relatively special in Inner Mongolian dialect. Finally, I also discussed about expression form which appears in Inner Mongolian dialect and does not appear in Khalkha Mongolian dialect in the grammatical part. For example, Inner Mongolian dialect, especially spoken language has a syntactic component of "similar Chinese complement", there are also special expressions such as "under the case of..." and "I will tell you...", and I believe that those expression forms due to Inner Mongolian dialect is affected by influence of Chinese appeared.Finally, I generalized and summarized main findings of whole thesis and shortcomings of the thesis in the conclusion section.The reference includes Chinese, old Mongolian language, new Mongolian language, few English and Russian materials.The thesis includes a "Chinese-Mongolian-Inner Mongolian" compared vocabulary which was collected from "Chinese-Mongolian Dictionary" which was published by the two countries.