A Study On The Tourism Geography In Qing Dynasty

Taking the tourism geography as basic research orientation,this thesis made a systematic study on the elements of tourism geography of Qing Dynasty,using multi-interdisciplinary and comprehensive study method of tourism,history and geography.The author first discussed the background of tourism development in Qing Dynasty and main types of tourism activities.Then studied on the spatial-temporal distribution changes of tourism objects(tourism Resource),tourism media and tourism subject(tourists).Through describing and explaining the elements of tourism phenomena in Qing Dynasty from time and space dimension,this thesis tried to reveal the overall spatial characteristics of tourism geography in Qing Dynasty.The development of tourism in Qing Dynasty generally was divided into two stages of early stage(AD1644-1840)and late stage(ADI 840-1911).The development backgrounds of two stages were notably different.The early Qing Dynasty united the nation,implemented relatively loose business,trade policy and population,tax system,and constructed,digged and maintained the most developed land and water transport network.And met the almost one hundred years of "Spirit Kangxi and Qianlong" period,the country was stable,the population exploded,the economy developed and the social and cultural life prospered,all of these provided a sound external environment for the tourism activities of Qing Dynasty people.In this context,the tourism activity,after suffering a short damage in early Qing Dynasty,rapidly recovered,developed and flourished The tourists included emperors and officials,scholars and men of letters,merchants and monks,mass civilians.Tourism styles included outing,long travel,mountain round,water play,temple fair carnival,mountain pilgrimage,varied with seasons and so on.In the late Qing Dynasty,china's domestic and foreign environment had great changes.The internal disturbance and foreign aggression made the early peaceful and stable environment disappear,consequently,the domestic tourism in late Qing Dynasty was limited and the size was reduced.Taking travel notes from Collected Geography Works of Qing Dynasty People and Collected Geography Works of Small-Square-Pot House as basic historical data source,this thesis focused on the spatial characters of tourism geography in early and middle Qing Dynasty.The total spatial distribution characters of tourism resources(spots)in Qing Dynasty were:the national resources(spots)mainly distributed in the inner 18 provinces,in which,the eastern coastal area and the southern Yangtze River area were the most intensive,these areas had the features of traffic developed,thickly peopled,economy prospered and culture thriving.In the region space,in south China the tourism resources(spots)mainly distributed in Jiangsu and Zhejiang,the middle and lower valley of the Yangtze River,hilly area of southeast and the Area of Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Provinces,and in north China mainly distributed in the North China Plain,Loess Plateau and Guanzhong Basin area.The tourism resources(spots)type is mainly the combination of famous mountains and ancient temples,most numerous in mountain regions.The total distribution of tourism resources(spots)not only obeyed the total distribution law of national geomoqhic units,but also agreed with the national distribution layout of population and economy center in Qing Dynasty.The tourism resources(spots)not only distributed clustered,such as in Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Anhui-Jiangxi Area,Beijing area,Guanzhong Area,Central Plains Area and Qilu Area,but also distributed scattered,such as in Sichuan,Hubei,Hunan,Guizhou,Yunnan and so on,the distribution of tourism resources(spots)was relatively balanced.In the capital cities of every province,the tourism resources(spots)were densely distributed?In line tendency,the tourism resources(spots)totally showed spatial distribution characters of along the main stream of Yangtze River and main branches,the Jinghang canal,the main stream of Yellow River and the main land lines of communication.The national tourist generating regions in Qing Dynasty could be divided into four-class areas.The first class tourist generating regions were 2 provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang.The second class tourist generating regions were 4 provinces of Anhui,Zhili,Shandong and Jiangxi.The third class tourist generating regions were 10 provinces of Sichuan,Guangdong,Hunan,Henan,Shanxi,Guizhou,Hubei,Shaanxi,Fujian and Guangxi.The fourth class tourist generating regions were 5 provinces of Yunnan,Gansu,Jilin,Xinjiang and Shengjing(also called Fengtian).The tourist destinations could also be divided into four-class areas.The first class tourist destinations were 2 provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang.The second class tourist destinations were 4 provinces of Anhui,Shandong,Zhili and Jiangxi.The third class tourist destinations were 8 provinces of Hunan,Hubei,Fujian,Guangdong,Sichuan,Guizhou,Henan and Shaanxi.The fourth class tourist destinations were 7 provinces of Shanxi,Guangxi,Yunnan,Gansu,Xinjiang,Jilin and Shengjing(Fengtian).The domestic tourism flows were mainly short distance activities in Qing Dynasty,so the destination class of tourist generating regions and tourist destinations showed relatively great similarities.The characters of domestic tourism flow were:first,short distance and outing in suburbs dominated;second,flowed to capitals of the provinces and so on;third,flowed to famous tourism spots.In Qing Dynasty,the destination countries of outbound tourism distributed in Asia,Europe,North and South America,Africa and Oceania.Japan,America,France,England,German,Italy,Russia,Belgium and Netherlands were popular countries of outbound tourism.Inbound tourism in early and middle Qing Dynasty mainly were tribute tourism,harbors trade tourism and western missionaries inbound travel.In late Qing Dynasty,the Qing Empire opened its door,many western people poured in,taking activities of travel,sightseeing,investigation and doing missionary work,around every provinces in inner China,northeastern region,Xinjiang,Mongolia,Sichuan-Yunnan-Tibet and so on.