| The twentieth century is a century of transformation for China.In this period,Chinese academic research has been constantly splitting up and syncretizing,and its aftereffect has lasted up to now.In the 1930-40s,under the pressures of social transformation,national surviving and political turbulence,how to comply with the change of study style of the Sinological Research Institute of Cheeloo University and the changes of research content of its stuff,these are the objects of modern Chinese academic history.This paper will follow the treads of history,and constructs the academic process history of the Sinological Research Institute from two interacted angles.On the one hand,the article will make people understand the transformation of the style of study and the status of the Institute,which is based on the change of academic environment and the study style.On the other hand,this article is intended to study the specific research of scholars in the complicated historical vicissitude,including the research object,purport and methods.Anyhow,this paper is written in detail about what has been ignored by others and simplifies what others have studied in detail,and this paper combines macro description and case study,aiming to understand the traditional Chinese Studies in the Transitional Era.Besides the introduction and conclusion,this article includes two parts.With the clue of time,the first part attempts to use the existed material,reconstructing the appearance of the Sinological Research Institute,including the period of establishment,development and end.Then it explores the influence of the change of study style to the Sinological Research Institute,and at the same time,it also attempts to reflect how this institute copes with the change of the style of study from the microcosmic angle.Chapter 1,"Institute and study style:the establishment and development of the Sinological Research Institute,1930-1938".Under the influence of Western culture and civilization,the Movement for Rearranging the National Heritage swept the country in 1920s.The Movement of Ku-shih-pien and the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica were both derived from it.So,it was the first footstone of Chinese modern academic.With the emergence of modern discipline system,sinology study was popular.As a small church university,Cheeloo University excepted to increase its competitive power and impact,and also attempted to deepen its localization and academic degree by strengthen its research on Chinese ancient culture.So it used the expenditure which supported by Harvard-Yenching Institute to establish the Sinological Research Institute.Luan Diaofu was the first chairman of this institute.He positively hired researchers,increasing research input and encouraging teachers and students to study sinology.However,because of the conservation of research method and staff structure,the institute did not have enough conversation with mainstream academic at that time.So,the achievement was unromantic,but after all,the institute became a strong power in the late period of the Movement for Rearranging the National Heritage.Chapter 2,"Anti-Japanese wartime academic:Ku Chieh-kang's historical renovation to the Sinological Research Institute,1939-1945".Anti-Japanese wartime was a special period to Chinese academic development.To cope with the war situation,scholars came together again and they changed their study style.Specifically,the purpose of academic research turned from "pursuit of truth" to"emphasize reality",and many new academic problems were discovered,and many old study modes were amended.The academic research in Anti-Japanese wartime is a critical transition period of Chinese academic in 20th century,and the scholars such as Ku Chieh-kang made a significant contribution.At that time,he was the chairman of the Sinological Research Institute of Cheeloo University.Facing to national crisis,he positively planned to reform the institute.He employed many scholars and depended on the support of Harvard-Yenching Institute.Then the Sinological Research Institute became an important academic place.He was determined to edit a general history of China to encourage our national confidence,and in order to prepare materials for the general history,he mobilized all of the staffs worked in the institute to punctuate the Twenty-Four Histories.Also,he tried to introduce modern discipline system to the institute,and changed the Sinological Research Institute into the humanities research institute.But because some reasons,he left Cheeloo University,and his dream did not come true.However,we can see that the Sinological Research Institute began to enter the center of academia from the margins under Ku Chieh-kang's endeavor.Chapter 3,"Advance in change:The end of the Sinological Research Institute,1946-1952".According to the preparation and adjustment of the Anti-Japanese wartime,the status transition between Historical Material School and Textual Criticism School has become inevitable.Because of the turbulent situation and the restriction of Harvard-Yenching Institute,the Sinological Research Institute was constantly adjusted when Qian Mu and Wu Jinding were working there,and the staffs were frequently moving.Except to publish Hu Houxuan's wartime works,there was no new academic research.After the foundation of new China,Zhang Weihua,the chairman of the institute,who adapted to the new academic mode,tried to revive the institute,but when Zhang was transferred to Shandong University,and all the church universities were repealed in the Movement of Rearrangement of Colleges and Departments,the sinological research institute was no longer in existence.The second part focuses on case studies,which will put the scholars and their research into epochal process,and investigate some typical scholars' academic process and ideas.The scholars in the Sinological Research Institute had a lot of freedom to do their own study,because the research plans of the institute were difficult to implement in the war time.Chapter 4,"'Interconnecting learning and thinking':Luan Diaofu and sinological research".Luan Diaofu was a special scholar in Chinese early modern academic history.He was the initiative chairman of this institute,and most of his academic activities took place in the Sinological Research Institute of Cheeloo University.He regarded sinological research as his life's work,and he had made great achievements in many fields including Mohism,the study Name,Philology study and Jia Sixie study.He became talented through self-study,but he can discuss academic problems with great masters,such as Liang Qichao,Zhang Taiyan and Hu Shi,and predicted the study trend of Mohism.On the basis of revising the bias of mainstream study of Mo school,he proposed the theory that"two parts:separate-combination and hard-white" and created a new approach for the study of Moist debate.This made him be emphasized by academic circles.For geo-relationship,Luan has sympathy to Qilu culture.He tried to strive for a position for Shandong in the domain of sinological study of early modern China.This chapter attempts to arrange Luan's life story and writings,and through the study of his academic achievements and research method,we can understand the page which cannot be ignored in Chinese early modern academic history.Chapter 5,"'Saving the nation by Neo-Confucianism':Qian Mu's academic turning in the period of Cheeloo University".Qian Mu was a scholar who has sympathy to Neo-Confucianism in the academic history of 20th century.But he came into academic circle as a member of textual criticism school.In the Anti-Japanese wartime,study style changed from Han school to Song school,the New Sinology School which "learns for the sake of learning" was declined,and the position of Neo-Confucianism which "treats the home,nation and the world as self-responsibility" was enhanced.With the change of study style,Qian's self-identify to Neo-Confucianism was more and more clear,and finally finished the change in the Sinological Research Institute of Cheeloo University.Being driven by the feeling of practice,Qian contacted with politicians for many times and directly expressed his political claims through publishing articles on politics.In order to find the cultural reasons why China should exist and why China could not be perished,he transited his study from history to culture,and opened the origin of Cultural Studies,making great influence to contemporary and later academic development.Chapter 6,"'Having an insight into the interconnection':Lv Simian and the isolated academic island of the Sinological Research Institute".Lv Simian was a traditional historian;and his academic method which emphasized the interconnections of things,was very different from the mainstream academia,and was ignored at that time.After the outbreak of Anti-Japanese War,Lv was trapped in Shanghai.Since Ku Chieh-kang wanted to do something on the edition of general history,Lv was employed as a researcher in the Sinology Research Institute.On the isolated academic island,a group of scholars was formed,and Lv Simian was the center of them.They got great achievements,such as publishing Ku-shih-pien(book seven),editing the Journal of Qilu,and other works belong to the Sinological Research Institute.Lv not only took part in the editing activities in person,but also edited books such as History of Pre-Qin Period and History of Qin and Han Dynasty for the institute.These books expressed Lv's research characteristics that coherences dynastic history and laid the foundation for him in the special time.Chapter 7,"The pepresentative works of new philology:Hu Houxuan's research of the science of inscriptions on tortoise-shell or Bone and history of Shang Dynasty".In the Anti-Japanese wartime,Hu Houxuan took charge of the researcher of the Sinological Research Institute for seven years.The peak moment of his academic career was that when the four collections of Science of Inscriptions on Tortoise-Shell or Bone and History of Shang Dynasty were published.This work could also be seen as the harvest of "New Philology" study style of the Historiography and Linguistics Institute.Hu was affected by Wang Guowei's research method of double evidences.So he changed his research direction from suspecting tradition to verifying tradition.He attended the excavation of Yin Xu,and then became attached to the inscriptions on tortoise-shell or bone.And he positively practiced the historical writing claims of historical materials school.He attempted to give his respond in the changing of study style of the controversy of social history and the Movement of Ku-shih-pien.He rebuilt the system of ancient history by using new archaeological materials and inscriptions on tortoise-shell,bone or bronze objects.His contribution had indelible significance to Chinese academic history in 20th century.Chapter 8,"From theory of generating by accumulating lays to theory of differentiated myths:Ku-shih-pien school's endeavor to rebuild ancient history through myths".After the appearance of the Movement of Ku-shih-pien in 1920s,the ancient historical system which predominated by traditional study of classics was breakdown.How to rebuild ancient history is a big problem faced by all historical schools,include the Ku-shih-pien school.Confronting of the problems made by "the theory of generating by accumulating lays",scholars intended to appeal to archaeology and folklore.Because of the Japanese Aggressive War against China,study style changed with the national situation.Then the original methods of archaeological excavation and folk custom investigation were both standstill.So,solving problems of ancient history through analyzing of ancient myths became a non-negligible approach.On the basis of the research of Ku Chieh-kang,Yang Kuan,criticized by the absorption of "the theory of generating by accumulating lays",taking pluralism of ancient history as theoretical premise and reusing ancient myths and legendary materials.He attempted to solve the problems of ancient history which remained by the Ku-shih-pien school.This was a benefit attempt for rebuilding the system of ancient history.To sum up,we can treat the Sinological Research Institute of Cheeloo University as an epitome of the development of Chinese modern academic,and can display an important page of Chinese modern transformation of academic through describing study style,research institute,scholars and their complicated interacting states. |
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