| Liao Dynasty's policy to Koryo began from the reign of the first emperor to Emperor Tianzuo, and it ran through more than 200 years of Liao Dynasty, playing an important part in the foreign policy of Liao Dynasty. To adapt to internal and external situations, timely revisions may be applied to the policy, which changed mainly according to different stage goals of Liao Dynasty and serve to the overall strategy of Liao DynastyThe first part is introduction. It mainly probes into the origin and significance of the paper's selected topic,and expounds on the current academic circle's research status quo at home and abroad.The main body consists of four chapters. The first chapter mainly discusses the policy towards Koryo in early years of the Liao Dynasty,that is,the periods of emperor Taizu and emperor Taizong. During this period,the Liao Dynasty and Koryo were two regimes both enjoying equal intercourse,and there was no vassal relationship existing between them. The various policies the Liao Dynasty applied in Koryo were mostly decided on the changes of the external situations at that time and its own strategy,and the purpose was to fit its policies and strategies to the west and south. During the periods of emperor Taizu and emperor Taizong,the policies the Liao Dynasty adopted in Koryocould be divided into the following stages: the first stage started in the first year of emperor Taizu reign(907),ended in the sixth year of Shence(921). During this period, due to the internal and external environmental factors and strategic focus which was concentrated in western and central plains region, to ensure the stability of the eastern Liao under control was given priority. Therefore,the Liao Dynasty applied the conservative policy towards Koryo including the Korean peninsula to ensure the stableness of the eastern Liao.The second stage ranged from the first year of Tianzan(922) to the fifth year of Tianzan(926). During this period,the punitive expedition on the western tribes had been completed,and the strategic focus began to shift,and its Koryo policy also changed. In the first year of Tianzan(922), the Liao Dynasty failed in the war of Dingzhou,which forced it to change the previous executed strategy of marching to the central plains in the south,for it had realized that to realize the political ideal of “vast land and numerous people”,first it had to cut off the threat of east and west wings before it marched to the central plains in the south. Therefore,the Liao Dynasty changed the previous conservative policy and began to have active engagement with Korea,and finally the vast territory including the Bohai “Five jing”(Shangjing,Zhongjing,Nanjing,Xijing and Dongjing) and fifteen prefectures,sixty-two states was pocketed.The third stage was from the first year of Tianxian(926) to the third year of Tianxian(928). Adherents of Bohai kingdom in this period still resisted,and Koryo would like to take this opportunity to march into the north. Under such circumstances,the Liao Dynasty turned to associate with far-away Hubaekje,took proactive defense policy,and acted in concert with each other,curbing Korea's north-forward policy.The fourth stage started from the third year of Tianxian(928) to the tenth year of Huitong(947). This period because the Bohai kingdom had been destroyed,the Liao Dynasty again shifted its strategic focus to the region of central plains,and therefore its Koryo policy changed again. During the period of emperor Taizong,the Liao Dynasty supported to establish the later Jin.The second chapter mainly discusses the Liao Dynasty's policy towards Koryoin the Shengzong period. During that period,great changes took place in the pattern of northeast Asia;Northern Song Dynasty reunified the blighted areas of the central plains,forming north-south confrontation situation. At this point,the relationship between Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty became the most important relationship in the political pattern of northeast Asia,and other relationships between regimes were built around this. The Liao Dynasty's policy towards Koryoalso changed according to this situation,especially when Koryo became the vassal of Liao in the twelfth year of Shengzong Tonghe(994),new changes had taken place in their relationship, which resulted in the Liao Dynasty's making the corresponding adjustment in its Koryo policy. During the Shengzong period,Liao's policy to Koryowas divided into three stages:The first phase ranged from the year when Shengzong took the throne to the ninth year of Tonghe(991),and the main policy the Liao Dynasty applied in Koryo was deterrence. At the beginning of Shengzong's enthronement,in order to break the built anti-Liao alliance,he adopted the divide-and-conquer strategy,and chose the Nvzhen tribe as its primary target for the tribe was close in geographical position,and its strength was relatively decentralized. In terms of Korea,no measure was taken, and the Liao Dynasty just made use of punitive expedition on Nvzhen tribe to deter Korea.The second stage began from the tenth year of Tonghe(992) to the twenty-eighth year of Tonghe(1010). During the period,Chan Yuan Covenant between Liao and Song had been concluded, and the Liao Dynasty then shifted its focus to Korea. The strategy of tempering justice with mercy was taken,and finally the equal relationship between Liao and Song was converted into the suzerain-vassal relationship.The third stage started from the twenty-eighth year of Tonghe(1010) to tenth year of Taiping(1030). During this period,because of dissatisfaction with Korea's frequent practices to damage the suzerain-vassal relationship and Korea's disobedient attitude towards the Liao Dynasty,the Liao Dynasty sent armed forces to suppress Koryo repeatedly,eventually determined the suzerain-vassal relationship between them. Since then,with the final determination of the suzerain-vassal relationship,the Liao Dynasty's policy towards Koryo tended to be gentle, and was more culture-focused.The third chapter mainly discusses the Liao Dynasty's policy towards Koryo during the middle and later Liao periods. During that period,the relationship between the Liao Dynasty and Koryowas leveled off,and the policy applied in Koryobecame more peaceful,more diplomatic means were taken,and the military force was prudently applied. This period especially featured the policy in Xingzong period,and later,emperor Daozong and emperor Tianzuo followed the same policy.The first phase was the Xingzong period(1031-1055). The northeast Asia situations had already been stabilized,and the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty had maintained the peaceful communication for decades;the envoys between the two parties had frequent intercourse. The Liao Dynasty had already established the suzerain-vassal relationship with the Western Xia regime and Koryo. Therefore, regimes in northeast Asia were in peace,and their communication was mainly sending envoys to communicate. In such circumstances, the Liao Dynasty's policy to Koryoalso conformed to the situation of northeast Asia.The second stage was the Daozong and emperor Tianzuo period(1055-1123). In this stage, the internal disorder and foreign invasions gradually peaked. At this point, the Liao Dynasty's policy towards Koryo was mainly tolerance,and it tried to avoid conflict with Koryo,so as to reduce the pressure brought by the internal and external strife.The fourth chapter mainly analyzes the overall characteristics of the Liao Dynasty's policies to Koryo and evaluation on these policies. The policies had distinct characteristics,which could mainly be listed as follows: the policies presented the phased characteristics; the policies consistently adhered to the principle of not grabbing Korean territory; the policies were part of its overall foreign policies on surrounding regimes; the policies had the strength of the Liao Dynasty as the backing; the policies did not make a concession to “the problem of the Yalu River” all the time.The implementation of the Liao Dynasty's policies towards Koryo also produced very big effect on the building of the political pattern of northeast Asia at that time;the implementation was not only an important measures to achieve political goals,but also a manifestation of the Liao Dynasty's consciousness of “Chinese concept”. Therefore,from the political perspective,the policies implemented were undoubtedly successful. Policies to Koryoin each stage all realized its strategic aims, and made the suzerain-vassal relationship with the Liao Dynasty in a dominant position; while from the perspective of the Liao Dynasty's hope to build China's legitimacy, the policies failed. Although the Liao Dynasty conquered Koryo with military force and tried to influence Koryoin aspect like “edification in rites and music” in order to change the impression of Koryo on the Liao Dynasty in culture,Koryo had never ever completely surrendered to the Liao Dynasty. In addition to Koryo's psychological advantage over the Liao Dynasty in the aspect of culture,more importantly,the direct conflict on the strategy was the fundamental contradiction of the two parties.Epilogue discusses the Liao dynasty's political ideal,which is building “the central country ”,and the the dialectical relations of "principles" and "The Times".In order to better understand the Liao dynasty's policy to Koryo formulate and evolvement... |
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