A Study Of The Economic History Of The Uyghurs From The Late Qing Dynasty To The Republic Of China

Uighur ethnic origin can be traced back to the Ding ling in the 3rd century BC to the Yuan he,one of the six Gao che in the fifth century A.D.,which has both the ethnic language and the ethnic characters of Chinese minorities,the main religion is Islam.In the period of the Qing dynasty,the centralized political system once created a unified and stable political situation for Uighur,the Uighur economy achieved a rapid development.Uighur characteristic of the feudal Beg economic system is established on the basis of individual agricultural and handicraft production of feudal laird system,in the evolution of the feudal Beg economic system to centralized bureaucracy system,Uighur economic contradictions balance was broken to be semi-colonial system with the imperialist invasion.Contradiction evolution intertwined,"a ethnic with three systems" caused the concurrent problems of domestic strife and foreign agression,Uighur social and economic conflicts intensified,the broad masses of peasants revolt to express their discontent and economic demands.In 1884(in the 10th year of GuangXu)witnessed the establishment of Xinjiang Province,declared the abolition of the Beg system,centralized bureaucracy economic system established in form,became a significant change of the Uighur social economic system,the Uighur people get rid of the personal adhere to Beg,the Qing government could strengthen the control of Uighur economy.The Qing government implemented a series of adjusted measures to local conditions of economic policy,including water conservancy,encouraging land settlement,tax reform,unified monetary,which adapted to the needs of the development of social productivity,the Uighur region has abated the local class contradictions and other various social contradictions for the moment,social stability promoted the rapid development of the Uighur region economy.In response to the revolution of 1911,Dihua uprising and Yili uprising ended the rule of Qing dynasty in Xinjiang,in the early of the republic of China,central government was unable to rule in Xinjiang,Xinjiang was under the control of Yang zengxin,Jin shuren and Sheng shicai,the three warlords were different,but all were seeking their power and regardless of the Uighur people's interest,internal imperialist still wanted to occupy Xinjiang,the Uighur economy stagnated,Uighur people were in extremely harsh exploitation."The east turkistan islamic republic" established while the peasants revolted,and was ended in short life,because of the behavior to split the motherland and plunder the people much more,but we still need pay attention to the economic root.In the later of the republic of China,the national government implemend Han chauvinism and the national oppression,opposed national equality,undermined national unity,got strong dissatisfaction and opposition from people of all ethnic groups.The Three-district Revolution broke out against Sheng shicai,the national governments' rule and imperialist aggression of the original three revolution,although it made some mistakes due to early leadership,but reflects the Uighur people's economic demands,forced the national government negotiated to establish province coalition govemment.Zhang zizhong took measures to maintain a comprehensive peace and the construction of the new Xinjiang,which is more realistic and open-minded under the historical condition at that time,the policies conformed to the Uighur and other peoples desire and interest,and put Xinjiang local interests and the reality of the national government temporarily into harmony,was conducive to national unity and ethnic Uighur economic recovery,wan a brief and rare development opportunity for the Uighur people.The socialist Soviet union had deeper influence on the Uighur after the October revolution.In the period of the second revolutionary civil war,Chinese Communist Party in Xinjiang developed anti-japanese forces actively,helped the Uighur to rebuild agricultural productivity,industrial development,ethnic handicrafts,and modern transportation.In the period of Liberation War,the Three-district Revolution government promoted by the new-democratic revolution of the communist party of China,won the opportunity of under the leadership of the communist party of China,became an important component of China's democratic revolution.The Three-district Revolution government implemented new democratic economic policies,encouraged farming,animal husbandry production,industry and commerce,and the trade with Soviet union.The Uighur new-democratic economy began to form while the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang,the Uighur economy realized from semi-colonial and semi-centralized bureaucracy to new-democratic economy.Because of weak and poverty in modern China,the Uighur had been economic ups and downs in the history in modern times,the Qing and the national government implementd many economic policies of Uighur,to sum up the experience of the policy on Uighur economic development has important reference to the economic development of Uighur.Basic guidelines for the Qing government in frontier minority affairs were adjusting measures to local condition and national assimilation,the implementation of economic policy eased the class contradictions to a certain extent,to promote the development of Uighur economy,maintain and consolidate the national unity and territorial integrity.Later period of the republic of China,the national government was subject to political and economic situation both at home and abroad,and was forced to form coalition government with the Three-district Revolution forces,a series of recovery measures became a beneficial attempt to promote Uighur economy.Xinjiang is a part of China since the Western Han dynasty,in the more than two thousand years,unity is the mainstream,divided is temporary.Strong central regime and unified multi-ethnic country is a big supporter to the Uighur people,has advantageous to the Uighur economic development and external contacts.Modern Uighur history proves that Xinjiang will invite foreign invasion;If it was outside the motherland territory;on the other hand,in the territory of the motherland,but the social economic system is not unified,can also lead to social unrest,which hinder the development of Uighur economy.Overall,from the late Qing dynasty to the republic of China to before the founding of new China,the Uighur people are always in the economic exploitation of class oppression and ethnic oppression,which can be seen from repeated outbreaks of peasant uprising.Uighur economic oppression and exploitation will damage the development of Uighur economy,equality of national relations is conducive to maintain stability,promote economic prosperity,we can definitely come to this conclusion from the Uighur in the modern economic history research.Today,in our socialist country has no exploitation and oppression of national regional policy,which is a valuable results for all ethnic groups,is advantageous to the Uighur people completely to get out of class,ethnic and exploitation oppression,the unity of the socialist system is the common choice of all ethnic groups and need to be cherished.The attraction of economic history research is that thick rule guide the direction of the economic and social development and national progress,from the origin of history,we can understand the present,and then predict the future.History shows that the Uighur are relatively backward in the modern commodity economy and industrialization process,the development of commodity economy and completing industrialization still is the main task of the Uighur economic development today.