| ‘Communtiy school’ is an important school organization in the grass-roots society during Ming and Qing dynasties.It is mainly run in countryside and provides the populace with the most basic Confucian ethics education.In Hongwu,Zhuyuanzhang inherited the educational system of the Yuan Dynasty,began to establish ‘Communtiy schools’ extensively in civil society,and opened the ‘Communtiy schools’ tradition in the grassroots society of the Ming and Qing dynasties.From Ming Yongle to Xuande period,the ‘Communtiy schools’ system fell into silence and did not get further development.However,in Zhengtong period,the creation of the’Tixueguan’ system made the cause of ‘Communtiy schools’ reinvigorate.At ‘Communtiy schools’ the same time,it was influenced by the realistic reasons such as the transformation of the grassroots society in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and the decline of the ability of the government to control the local society.The construction of ‘Communtiy schools’ reached the peak during Jiajing to Wanli period.Not only did the local community build a large number of ‘Communtiy schools’ during this period,but the theory of ‘Communtiy schools’ was also closer to be complete.Wangyangming 、 Weixiao 、 Huangzuo 、 Lvkun 、Yechunji etc.scholar-bureaucrats and local officials have made important contributions to the construction of ‘Communtiy schools’ and the perfection of related theoretical regime.Due to various reasons,the running of ‘Communtiy schools’ Ming Dynasty switched frequently between an abandoned state and a lifted state during Ming dynasty.Affected by the wars and social turmoil in the early Qing Dynasty,the old ‘Communtiy schools’ systems were seriously damaged.Although Shunzhi and Yongzheng had once sent out imperial decrees to reinvigorate ‘Communtiy schools’ in civil society,they had little success.The ‘Communtiy schools’ system had been moving toward a decline during the middle and late Qing dynasty,and its educational function has been replaced by the emerging ‘Yixue’.Because ‘Communtiy schools’ can penetrate into the most extensive grass-roots society,during Ming and Qing dynasties,‘Communtiy schools’ not only had the function of education and enlightenment,but also assumed extremely complicated social functions.The establishment of the ‘Communtiy schools’ system in Yuan Dynasty had been closely linked with the grass-root organizational form –“She”.In the subsequent evolution process,it has also been combined with ‘Lijialaoren’ and ‘Xiangyue’,and its social functions have been fully developed.Both the state and local governments regard ‘Communtiy schools’ as a means of disseminating the will of the state at the grass-roots level,strengthening the integration of local societies for central government,and realizing soft control of the state to grassroots societies.Since the middle of Ming dynasty,with the continuous development of the internal forces at the grass-roots society,the local gentry class had also noticed the functions of ‘Communtiy schools’ in improving social morality and preserving social order,and had actively participated in the practice of local ‘Communtiy schools’.This article put in order the development of ‘Communtiy schools’ in Fujian and Guangdong provinces in Ming and Qing Dynasties,and explores the relationship between ‘Communtiy schools’ and the social order,folk beliefs,changes of local power,etc.in Fujian and Guangdong provinces.It is hoped that this study can make useful contributions to the issues of the integration of the southeast society to the country,grass-roots education and social management in Ming and Qing dynasties. |
