| The Former Central Soviet Areas in Gannan is the cradle of the People's Republic of China and the main source of the spirit of the Soviet Union, where the people made great contributions and great sacrifices to the Chinese revolution. As a result of war trauma and physical geography and other reasons, the economic development at present in The Gannan has been still lagging behind, and the poverty and backwardness have still not been fundamentally changed; specifically, among 13 counties in The Gannan,8counties are state-level poverty counties, accounting for forty percent of the total state-level poverty counties, namely 21 poverty counties in Jiangxi Province. By the end of 2015,there were 600 poverty-stricken villages with 400,000 poor villagers in The Former Central Soviet Areas in Gannan, where in more than 150,000 people still lived in remote mountainous areas, reservoir areas and areas of geological disasters with poor ecological development conditions.In June 2012, Several Opinions on the Support of the Revitalization and Development of The Gannan and other original Central Soviet Base Areas (G.F. [2008]No. 21) was released, indicting the official launch of the development plan for the revitalization of Southern Central and other central Soviet base areas. Jiangxi government released Opinions on Promoting the Accelerated Development of The Gannan and other original Central Soviet Base Areas, which clearly proposed the efforts on increasing the targeted poverty alleviation and strived to basically eliminate the absolute poverty in the original Central Soviet Base Areas to 2018, so as to make sure that the masses of the original Central Soviet Base Areas will be included in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Therefore, accelerating to solve the problem of poverty in concentrated areas of special difficulties is an important strategic task in the poverty alleviation in China in the new period and solving the problem of rural poverty of The Gannan and other Central Soviet Base Areas is an important goal to implement the national strategy for the revitalization of the Central Soviet Base Areas, and the Poverty Alleviation and Relocation of Immigrants is the important way to implement the targeted poverty alleviation and also the important requirement on the innovation of poverty alleviation.This paper, from the point of view of the farmer households' livelihood capitals before and after the relocations of immigrants, shows the actual effect after the implementation of the migrants poverty alleviation policy; in accordance with the investigation on the satisfaction of migrant farmers on the implementation of current immigration policies, we try to find out the shortcomings in the implementation process of the migrants poverty alleviation policy, and we, combined with the different demands of migrant farmers on the migrants poverty alleviation policy, finally propose the measures to further improve the migrants poverty alleviation policy. The main contents of such measures are composed of the following aspects:First, with The Former Central Soviet Areas in Gannan and its 13 countries as the objects of study determined by the Party History Research Center of CPC Central Committee on September 1, 2011, we analyzed the social economy development status of The Former Central Soviet Areas in Gannan and its 13 counties, and the its gap between such objects of study and Jiangxi Province and the national average level, and we concluded the main policies concerning the poverty alleviation and relocation of immigrants implemented in current stage in The Former Central Soviet Areas in Gannan;and we used the farmer sample data obtained by the interviews on farmers of 520 households in 26 villages in selected in 13 counties with the questionnaire survey and the three-stage sampling method, and then we conducted the descriptive analysis over sample data.Second, we constructed the farmer households' livelihood capital evaluation system based on the sustainable livelihood framework (SLA) and compared the livelihood capitals of migrant farmers before and after relocation from the point of farmer households' livelihood capital. And we found that the average comprehensive index of the farmer households' livelihood capital was 1.466 before resettlement, and 1.90 after resettlement, an increase of 0.43 with the rate of increase of 29.25%, mainly due to the increase of material capital and financial capital. On the other hand, the production and living conditions of migrant farmers before resettlement were obviously poorer than the non-immigrant farmers with the average livelihood capitals of 1.466 and 1.782 respectively, with the difference of 0.316, which further confirmed the necessity of the implementation of resettlement and the improvement of the living conditions of low income families.Third, we used the non-immigrant farmers as the reference object, and took the difference-in-difference (DID) method to analyze the specific effects of the implementation of the migrants poverty alleviation policy. The results showed that the migrants poverty alleviation policy had significant positive effects on the farmer households' livelihood capital of immigrants with the coefficient of the interaction item(DitTit) of 0.224, which was the net appreciation of policy implementation to the farmer households'livelihood capital of immigrants; At the same time,the migrants poverty alleviation policy had significant positive effects on the migrant farmers'material capital and financial capital, with the coefficients of the interaction itm(DitTit)of 0.255 and 0.031, respectively, while the migrants poverty alleviation policy had negative significant effects on natural capital and human capital with the coefficients of-0.026 and -0.032, but the migrants poverty alleviation policy had insignificant effects on social capital.Fourth, through the investigation on the migrant farmers' satisfaction on the migrants poverty alleviation policy, the results showed that under the condition with the significant effects of the implementation of the policy, migrant farmers' satisfaction on the migrants poverty alleviation policy was generally low with the actual satisfaction of only 2.73, failing to be ranked as general of the questionnaire (Value 3). Based on the further analysis of the influence factor of satisfaction on policies, it is found that the educational background and willingness of resettlement of farmers, the traffic conditions of the resettlement sites and the changes in farmer households' livelihood capital had more obvious positive effects on the satisfaction on the migrants poverty alleviation policy, and the duration of relocation, the types of immigrants and the economic level of the resettlement sites had more obvious negative impact.Fifth, we used the clustering analysis method for the priority analysis over the farmers' demands on the migrants poverty alleviation policy, and we established the binary logistic model to analyze the main factors affecting the demand of immigrants on policies. The results showed that, the policies that the migrant farmers most anticipated were cash subsidies and housing, followed by discount loans and support to production materials, and the policies on skills training and support to production materials were not urgent, indicating that the migrant farmers were more concerned about the problems of immediate livelihood rather than problems of long-term sustainable livelihood. On the other hand, the analysis over the factors impacting the demands on policies concerning immigrants found that the migrant farmers varied greatly on the demands on policies due to individual characteristics.Finally, in order to further improve the migrants poverty alleviation policy, we put forward the following suggestions: first, it is necessary to increase the targeted poverty alleviation in the process of the poverty alleviation and relocation of immigrants,specifically, it needs to accurately identify the farmers with different policy demands,different degrees of poverty and different family characteristics, and to implement the classified and differentiated implementation of the migrants poverty alleviation policy;furthermore, it needs to fully respect the willingness of farmers in implementation of policies and to increase the propaganda of the migrants poverty alleviation policy.Second, it needs to improve the capacity of sustainable livelihoods of migrant farmers;specifically, the local government of the migration region shall cultivate the leading industry,develop the characteristic industry according to the local resources and encourage enterprises to participate in the development of follow-up industries through the formulation of preferential policies on land, capital and tax; furthermore, the local government shall provide the practical technical training for migrant farmers,establish the convergence mechanism between training and employment to achieve the economic and social effects with a healthy interaction between training and employment,and build the entrepreneurial service system for immigrants to promote the immigrants to start the business and offer conveniences. Third, it needs to achieve the win-win situation, namely, shaking off the poverty and realizing the ecological protection, so as to take a road of shaking off the poverty while protecting the environment.There are two possible innovations in this paper: First is the perspective of research,this paper starts from the theory of livelihood frame analysis to analyze the change of farmer households' livelihood capitals before and after relocation by the establishment of evaluation indicators and the quantitative evaluation model, so as to reflect the achievements made by the implementation of policy concerning the poverty alleviation and relocation of immigrants. Second is the research method, this paper uses the non-immigrant farmers as the reference object and the difference-in-difference model to analyze the net increase effects on the farmer households' livelihood capital brought by the migrants poverty alleviation policy. Furthermore abandoning the method of subtracting the farmer households' livelihood capital after resettlement from the farmer households' livelihood capital before resettlement can reflect the real effect of the migrants poverty alleviation policy in a better manner.However, there are some shortcomings in this paper, for example, in the process of data acquisition, the data in the early stage are mainly from questionnaires which were completed by respondents mainly based on recalls, which may have some errors compared with real situations; In addition, the data and proposed countermeasures of this study are mainly aimed at the selected research areas, that whether it is fully applicable to other areas has to be discussed, which is the goal of further research. |
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