The Evolution Of China's College Entrance Examination System From The Perspective Of Stakeholder Theory

The college entrance examination system, a great concern and a hot issue of the whole society, has become an educational problem as well as a social one. The establishment, implementation and adjustment of the college entrance examination system are always involved with the benefit distribution of every aspect. The past studies on the history,reality and future of the college entrance examination system all indicate the demand for the scientific proposition of the system and the fairness during its implementation. Every revolution of the system will inevitably lead in the change in the admission into the higher education and will reallocate the educational resources. That is to say, some groups of people will gain new profit from the revolution while some other ones will lose some of their profit. Hence, the present interest relation will be broken and a new interest setup will come into being. The whole society has become a vast interest domain over the college entrance examination.Thus the study on the evolution of the college entrance examination system from the perspective of stakeholder theory will not only help us grasp the rules of the evolution of the system with a deeper understanding about it but also provide some enlightenment for the development and improvement of the system.The stakeholder theory, which originates from the economics, was initially mainly applied in the business strategic management. With its further development and the adoptability in itself, this theory goes into the field of policy science. The analysis and the research on the college entrance examination system from the perspective of stakeholder theory unveil that central government, local government, colleges, middle schools and examinees are all the important stakeholders of the college entrance examination system and different shareholders lie in different system levels, which will change with the evolution of the college entrance examination system. The evolutional history of the college entrance examination system is also the evolutional history of the interest interrelation between its interest view and its interest domain.All the important stakeholders' demand for the interest and their interest interrelations of the college entrance examination system interweave and interact together with the evolution. The study on the interest interrelations between the shareholders and their internal subjects with the preferential policy of bonus-point indicates that the preferential policy, when regulating the interest of different aspects in the different historical periods, has different interest orientations, which have different effect on the change in the status of the shareholders and their interrelations while such effect will affect the change of the policy vice versa. The preferential policy of bonus-point in the college entrance examination is characteristic of the interest game between shareholders,and it partly implies the dynamitic evolutional rules of the entire college entrance examination system.The college entrance examination system is always involved with the allocation of the educational resources, which all the shareholders hope to possess and dispose in order to gain interest of their own. Thus,it is inevitable to bring about some conflicts between individual rationality and collective rationality, individual interests and public interests, local interests and overall interests, short-term interests and long-term interests. The system need to be re-chosen and rearranged in order to balance the results, thus promoting the development of the system itself.The college entrance examination system experienced the periods of stability - intermittence -stability in its history. It has the same dependency on the route as the economic system but is, with its endogenously public and political nature, characteristic of the dependency unique to the political system. And this characteristic strengthens the college entrance examination system itself. In its evolutional history, the college entrance examination system, with its endogenous interest conflicts which develop gradually and the central government's "role paradox",makes this evolution the one which can reduce the system cost and transaction cost and balance the interests of different aspects. However, from a long-term performance, the positive role played by this evolution is limited, relative and time-limited and its short-term advantages cover up its long-term disadvantages.The evolution of the college entrance examination system is a dynamic developmental process of the system in its incessant coordination of interests and pursuit of the balanced interests, a choosing process of the public interests and as well a process of regulating and controlling the interest interrelations between the shareholders and their internal subjects so as to achieve the regularization. It is reasonable to develop the college entrance examination system in the direction of balancing interests based on the two logically related levels, which are the value-orientation of the interest coordination on one hand and the strategy-orientation (system-oriented strategy, object-oriented strategy)of the interest coordination on the other hand.