Mechanism Research Of Farmers’ Rice Planting Pattern Selection From The Perspective Of Revenue

Single and double rice cropping region of the Yangtze River Basin is one of important Chinese rice produce areas,most of farmers select two crops a year of agricultural cultivation model under the cultivated land,light,water and heat resources distribution in this area,and the multiple cropping of "rice and rice" is the main planting patterns to field crops by farmers.However,due to many reasons which like the rural labor force preferential transfer,aging,non-farm employment opportunities increasing and crop relative income changes and other,there was an obvious tendency of farmers’ rice multiple cropping index decreased or paddy restructuring.The rice planting pattern has changed from complex to simple,will reduce the production advantage of the Yangtze River Basin as the "China rice belt",and may have potential adverse effects on the regional food security and the utilization of cultivated land resources.The root cause of farmers’ rice planting pattern changed in the Yangtze River basin can be attributed to two aspects about the rural labor transfer and income growth.The rapid development of the urban economy and society,resulting in the large number labor force which have a comparative advantage of quality to leave rural and agricultural production,"the labor force is not enough","labor too old" or hire difficult of farmer households in the agricultural busy season was the main consideration of many farmers to abandon the double cropping rice.At the same time,rice instead of planting or off-farm employment activities that has a relatively high yield,resulting the farmers’ production resources and labor allocation has changed,which led to reduce the labor input of rice production and paddy restructuring.In response to the above-mentioned changes in agricultural production,agricultural mechanization as ease labor constraints has been vigorously introduced rice production processes by the purchase of agricultural subsidies,which not only reduces the rural household labor constraints and investment,but also to engage in other agricultural crops or created conditions to off-farm employment.So whether the farmer households can take into account income growth among rice planting pattern?What are the possible ways of balancing the two goals?As the agricultural machinery service can effectively release the rice labor force,we want to konw whether the agricultural machinery service can achieve dual goals of stable rice system selection and improve the farmers payrolls income?Based on the Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi&Anhui 4 provinces in the single and double rice cropping region of the Yangtze River Basin,using the rural fixed observation point data during 2004 to 2010,analysis the mechanism and influence of households planting structure changes,off-farm employment and machinery service to farmers’ rice planting selection on the framework of farmers to pursue the goal of income maximization,under the specific background of the early time in agricultural machinery implementation.The relevant conclusions are as follows:Statistical observed sample analysis found that rice multiple cropping index decreased year by year after stabilization,and the average rice planting area showing a slight increase trend,while the rice multiple cropping index concentrate to the large farmers in 4 provinces of the Yangtze River Basin during 2004 to 2010.There were a variety of change models coexist,which like "always single cropping rice","always double cropping rice","double cropping rice change to single" and "single cropping rice change to double",and majority of farmers maintain the rice planting pattern relatively fixed in Hubei,Jiangxi and Anhui provinces,but the model of "double cropping rice change to single" has changed more obviously in Hunan province.The rice planting households prefer wheat/rape+ rice(paddy)and cotton/maize(dryland)which integrated agricultural production model of irrigated and dry planting.Comprehensive comparison between different crop income and sown area change,we found that farmers rice planting pattern selection changes associated with the greatest crop is cotton,and not rice alternative crops(like summer maize and soybean,and rapeseed and wheat).Although there is a certain competition in labor allocation to rice,the income share of alternative crops is relatively stable in the income structure of farmers,indicating farmers decided to change the rice planting pattern selection may be another reason.Research content 1:impact of household planting structure change to rice planting pattern selection under the perspective of income.Although the per area net income of single cropping rice crop combination mode(like"rice+ wheat","rice+ rapeseed" and "rice+ wheat+ rapeseed")is slightly higher than double cropping rice,but their limited to alternative crops cost labor input and lowly mechanization degree,farmers select the single cropping rice crop combination models has not obviously growth.The empirical results show that farmers’ planting structure change has a significant negative impact on rice planting pattern selection,which depends on the relative changes of the net income of rice and non-rice crops in the planting structure.The net income proportion of non-rice crops has rising,will significantly induced rice multiple cropping index decline or paddy restructuring.Research content 2:impact of off-farm employment to rice planting pattern selection under the perspective of household income.Farmer’ household off-farm income to rice planting pattern selection has a significant positive impact,and because of the staggering configuration on farm and off-farm employment in labor time,the off-farm employment of agricultural production has not significant negative impact to rice planting pattern selection.With the development of agricultural machinery service,the household labor force is gradually replaced or released from rice production,increasing the chance of off-farm employment activities,the agricultural machinery service has a positive impact on off-farm income of farmers household and agricultural labor.However,the simultaneous equation model shows that the agricultural machinery service has opposite reasons about the off-farm employment and rice planting pattern selection,which indicates that the development of agricultural machinery service can not be completely balanced with the dual objective of the off-farm income and rice planting pattern selection.Research content 3:impact of agricultural machinery service to rice planting pattern selection under the perspective of household income.There are an objective existing of substitution phenomenon that agricultural machinery service to labor input in single and double season rice planting,and both the marginal technical substitution rate showed a "inverted U" change,this rule reflects that will be increasing difficult to substitute labor input by continue to additional agricultural services in 4 provinces of the Yangtze River Basin.The income effect of agricultural machinery services is mainly affected by family income,while the rice planting net income is negative.During the study period,due to labor constraints and villages season of labor shortage is difficult to solve at double cropping rice production,the development of agricultural machinery service cannot improve farmers’ rice multiple cropping index,relying on the role agricultural machinery services cannot effectively encourage farmers to select double cropping rice.Based on the above conclusions,we propose some policy recommendations about balancing farmers’ rice planting pattern selection and income growth.(1)clarify the priority of double cropping rice development and income growth in the Yangtze River Basin.(2)continue to expand the agricultural machinery service projects and agricultural machinery market development in rice production,and actively explore the social service of agricultural production in rural.(3)using the influence of the "externality" of the village agricultural production.(4)to explore the relationship between rice production and modern agriculture development,cultivate new agricultural production and operation organizations.