| As early as in ancient times,the northeast region has been covered by thick forests,after the emergence of human beings,their production and living activities are related to the forest,however,the extent and frequency of forest development,as well as the degree of commercialization of wood are very limited,the focus of the development is forest by-products,rather than as the main wood.Under the prohibition policy of Qing dynasty,the forest use is limited,trees can be fully breeding,the northeast forest shows the lush verdant.In 1878,the Qing government abolished the forest prohibition policy,which makes the private cutting and felling trees unlawfully legalization,the forest exploitation takes a key step.After the Sino Japanese War,influenced by the western forestry knowledge and industry thought,Qing government set up the Jilin Provincial Forestry Administration,so as to guide and encourage private forest harvesting.After the Republic of China,the central government absorbed the western forestry management system,issued by the forest law,Northeast State-owned Forest Distribution Rules Amendment and other legal regulations,have set up the forestry bureau,forest bureau,the Northeast State-owned Forest Management Committee and other specialized management agencies,forestry management system of modern sense has taken shape,local governments have also developed forestry programs,promulgated relevant laws and regulations,and established of the central authorities,responsed to the call of central forestry development.During this period,the forestry institutions once reversed the disordered state of the forest in the late Qing dynasty by standardizing the procedures of state-owned forest,at the same time,it pay attention to the banning of state forest in private,safeguard the interests of the recipient;keeping watch reclamation,banditry,fire,and maintaining forest harvesting order;setting up forestry school,training professional management personnel,strengthening forest management and protection,but also improving the tax system,to add new tax,tax revenue has become the bulk of wood.The drawback is that the forest authority is different,resulting in repeated package frequently occur,forest disputes endless;the authorities blindly pursued interests,ignoring their own work,the management is full of omissions;it had miscellaneous tax,high tax rate,forestry merchants poured out one's endless grievances,forestry development was hampered.At the same time,Japan and Russia did not relax the looting of the Northeast Forest,Since the second half of nineteenth Century,it began exploration in northeast forest,which the Japanese had the widest range of investigation,most times,the longest and most detailed and reliable results,represented the highest level at the time of northeast forest survey.The two countries grabbed the forest development opportunities,and then continued to erode the right of Northeast Forest.Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Jilin wood planting contract,Heilongjiang railway company logging contract and other unequal treaties,so as to gain the forest harvesting and management privileges along the Middle East Railway;Based on Sino Japanese the Yalu River Caimu articles,Japan set up a company named joint,in fact,it was the Yalu River Caimu company controlled by Japan alone,then established a large number of "joint" company,and merged parts of the forests along the railway line of Russian people.Under the joint action of both China and foreign countries,the modern northeast has formed an industrial chain covering the production,processing,transportation and sale of timber.Timber harvesting is based on the forest farm,the cutting area mainly distributed in the the Yalu River River,Middle East Railway,Jidun railway and other places.After forestry capitalists stationed in the forest farm,they urged multiple logging groups to serve them,under the leadership of the group,they selected the appropriate time into the mountain collectively,team members performed their duties,cooperated with each other,gave priority to traffic convenience,to complete the task of large-scale logging.The stark in contrast with the traditional period is that the focus of modern forest use is wood,and which logging activities have the characteristics of large scale and high commercialization.The transportation and sale of timber have also changed accordingly.In addition to the traditional forest road,slippery road transport,the adding of forest tracks and railway lines makes land transport faster and more efficient,so as to more suitable for long-distance transport;Northeast River is mostly suitable for wood pipe flow,raft flow,after the improvement of the Yalu River area put Pi method,the water transport capacity has greatly improved.The reform of transportation system,it also led to the modern transformation of the sales market,timber market is no longer limited to several cities along the river near the sea,but throughout the northeast,market development is more mature,functional distinction tends to be refined,timber sales also increased significantly.Part of the timber is not direct sales,they are made of matches,paper,sawn wood and other products after deep processing.Thanks to the prosperity of logging,raw materials for wood processing industry is sufficient,it develops rapidly overall,which the development of matches is the most mature,the trade Organization is also more developed.Some manufacturers spend much money to buy machinery and equipment,introduce advanced processing technology,which it not only improves the production efficiency,but also optimizes the product performance,so as to enhance the added value of the product,of course,the traditional methods of production workshops still exist.In the industrial system,the vast majority of Chinese wood was at the bottom,they went through a hard time,and suffered untold hardships,and used their own sweat and even life to pave the way for the industrialization of the forest;Japan and Russia forestry capitalists relying on strong capital and privileges to enjoy tariff reduction,tax breaks and other preferential conditions,was the dominant of the whole industrial chain,in order to expand the interests of aggression,they took predatory development means to have biased deforestation,which resulting in the destruction of forest ecological balance,a series of environmental problems ensued.In order to prevent the deterioration of the environment,successive governments have paid more attention to forest planting,and adopted some measures,such as the promulgation of forestation laws,orders,plans;building nursery,agricultural experiment field;Set up a tree planting festival to mobilize people to plant;propagate forestation,popularize forestation knowledge,these efforts have achieved some success,but it was difficult to make up for the loss caused by large-scale logging,in the long run,the ecological sustainability of forest industry chain is very worrying.In short,the Chinese government lacks the ability to control the overall situation of the forest industry,failures to ensure the orderly and stable operation of the industry.The real leader of industrialization is the foreign capital,they blindly expand the development with no protection consciousness,behind the “gratifying”scene of the rapid development of forest industry in Northeast China,it is a cruel and tragic fact that is hidden in the process of industrial colonization and predatory expansion. |
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