| Since the reform and opening up policy was implemented,our country has had great achievement in poverty reduction.Rural inhabitants are provided with adequate food and clothing.However,theoveralllevel of development of economy is limited,and there exists a phenomenon that the unbalance among the regions development is very serious and the gap between the rich and poor is deep,the poor regions especially the continuous destitute areas still fall behind.To solve this,our country issued a regulation called National Program for Rural Poverty Alleviation(2011-2020),showing the struggle objective in new era.The regulations showed that all poor counties must be out of poverty;the poor must get rid of poverty,for the purpose of achieving the goal of building a well-to-do society to 2020.As finance is the core of modern economy,the poor regions and residents need it urgently.In 2013,the country put forward the inclusive finance to make the different people especially the low-income ones to enjoy the fair finance service and the same rights for credits financing.As a result,the Rich Project Financial Poverty Alleviation was put forward in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in November in 2013 and started in 2014.It paid attention to solve the problem of gettingloans difficultly and expensively by soft loan and financial fund for poor regions and residents.The capital accumulation is the necessary condition for improving national wealth and alleviating poverty to input a large deal of capital.However,professions and scholars think that,in the first place,even though the poor need to get loan,these people without sufficient capital,low income and guarantee of authorized financial institution cannot constitute the demand for getting loans due to low capability of payback loans so that the financial poverty alleviation is out of reality;second,the poor have bad living conditions and low loans as well as low conscious of paying the loans back.The cost of loans for the poor is high,and the benefit is opposite low,except that,the risk is high.Besides,the financial organizations are commercialized so that the financial povertyalleviation has a problem of aim transference.To help the rich instead of the poor,the non-poor in poor regions is the real beneficial owners;finally,the poverty reduction loans is treated as a national welfare by the poor,it loses the function of hematopoiesis and at the same time improves the level of liability.It does not work to get rid of poorness and increase the farmer’s income.To study this,combined with the basic information of people in poverty from Poverty Reduction Information System of Inner Mognolia,the paper made a research among 455 families in rural and pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia from the perspective of demand,effect and credit for loans.The main findings are showed as following:(1)455 registered households were taken as study objects,and this study used the Probit and Logit model to study the demand,requirement and the acquirement for the loans of the poor.The result shows that financial poverty reduction accounted for 58 per cent of demand market;the problem of loans difficulties are solved to some extent and 32.3 per cent of the poor have got loans,the percentage of meeting demands for getting loans of the poor is 55.7 per cent;but the financial poverty-aid exists the problem of aim transference.In the poor residents who get the poverty-aid loans.13 per cent of them treat it as the welfare,so that the function is changed from hematopoiesis to transfusion.The demand,requirement and acquirement have the relationship of going forward one by one,the one in forward is the necessary but not a sufficient condition for the one behind it;the three kinds of poor group have increased the labor,capitals,finance,and social funds.The factors affecting need of getting loans comprise the number of family members,per capital net income and other three variables;the factors affecting demand of getting loans include six variables,such as gender of household heads,usage of loans,health of household heads and so on.The factors affecting availability of getting loans are constituted of usage of loans,member of cooperative or not,the amount of demanding loans,land areas and other four variables.(2)264 with demand for loans were treated as study objects.The paper uses the TEM model,with the percentage to get the poverty-aid loans for the poor as the instrumental variable,then conducts the estimation effect of the poverty-aid loans effect in the second period to study in the income increasing and getting rid of poverty.The result shows that the poverty-aid loans had positive impact on increasing income and poverty alleviation of the poor with significant level of]per cent,namely,the poor who get the poverty-aid are easier to achieve the goals.The povertyalleviation loans,the age of family owners,the labor types of family owners,participation in the cooperation or not are depending mutually and making function to increasing income together.The povertyalleviation loans have different effect in different poor groups,and it belongs to hematopoiesis povertyalleviation for the loans used in production payment with a long time effect,and also the transfusion poverty-aid for the loans used in living payment with a short time effect.However,this kind of people in poverty has the risk to increase liability and is much poorer in a long time.(3)455 poor households were considered as study objects.The paper uses the method combined entropy method with grey correlation degree analysis to research the loan credit of the poor,and the result shows that the poor have relatively powerful credit awareness and can make a scientific judgment to the demand for loans to assure their credit of repaying loans in terms of their ability to pay back loans.However,there exists the usurious loan trap in fact.10.2%of the samples pay back the loans and make long-term analysis with private lending,and this kind of residents may have stealth default.The main factor influencing the poor’s loan credit exists in the aspect of credit guarantee.The second one is the ability of faith and the third one is the awareness of faith.The main factor influencing the poor’s credit guarantee includes the factors below:if there is the part-time income or not;policy support;if they want to join in the cooperation or not;the extent of influence to the ability of faith that the poor’s families income and family members have made.The financial organization’ evaluation to the poor’s loan credit and demand market is relatively low.According to the grey correlation degree analysis of different groups of the poor,the loan demand can fonn long-term and efficient financial poverty alleviation market when the grey correlation degree of the poor is above 0.4750.On the ground of demand,effect and credit for loans for poverty alleviation,combined to the successful model of finance poverty alleviation,this study found out the following problems existed in financial service for the poor in Inner Mongolia:(1)the poor lack of economic vigor and financial institutions don’t equip with power of cooperation;(2)the accuracy of aiming at object of making poverty relief loans is not precise,and which gives rise to the problem of target transition;(3)bank branches in rural areas are scarce,which causes indirect cost for getting loans is increased and the efficiency of financial poverty alleviation is decreased;(4)Lacking of evaluation system of credit of getting loans for the poorleads to disequilibrium of supply for poverty-aid loans and demand for loans;(5)financial poverty alleviation strongly relies on agriculture and animal husbandry and fraction of overage of agricultural insurance is constrained so that there is possibility for the poor to go back in the situation of poverty.In terms of the problems mentioned above,some suggestions are put forward:the fiscal should play the role of guidance,financial institution should also actively take part in poverty alleviation and rural cooperative finance could be given a great impetus to improve the system of financial poverty alleviation;the functions of financial institution and government should be clear and financial poverty alleviation could develop the "structural form",which contributes to building up the supervised and cooperative system for financial institution;perfecting financial infrastructure in poor areas and deepening financial reform help to construct the mode of internet financial poverty alleviation;to strengthen the supply side financial poverty alleviation and structural reforms,starting from the demand for loans to poor households,and to rational design financial credit products and services;insurance products should be enriched,the insurance coverage should be improved as well and new model of poverty alleviation such as the form of "government + bank + insurance","financial insurance in response to risk" shoulde be developed. |
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