Mechanism Research On Mobility And Integration Of Land Resource In Mountain And Hilly Areas

Fast-flowing resource factors between urban and rural create a favorable environment and condition for agricultural modernization.But it's not enough to agrivultural modernization,especially agricultural mechanization,industrialization and large-scale.Some important requirements include “Software” support from reforming agricultural production and management mode,and “hardware” support from improving agricultural production condition.From the view of many years' experience,the moderate scale management by support of land circulation and mechanization have a significant effect in the flat area with good infrastructure,and improve the degree of agricultural mechanization and scale operation at large;But in mountain and hilly area,because of rugged landform and decentral plot,agricultural moderate scale management develop slowly with small land circulation and low level of agricultural mechanization.So,to break the problem of agricultural mechanization,industrialization and large-scale in mountain and hilly area,the suitable mode and appropriate technology are soon built.However,the existing correlational studies referred to mountain and hilly areas pay more attention to theoretical issues between land circulation and rural land property right system,and lay emphasis on correlation analysis of relationships among land circulation,factors from external institutional environment,and choice of circulation subject behaviors,construction of macro mechaism as well as.On the contrary,these studies lack the discussion of comovement relation between mobility and integration of land resource,and neglect empirical analysis of resources integration effect and the key technology in the process of land circulation.Even if in the study on engineering and technological research of land consolidation,most research mainly discusses different technology like field blocks,road engineering,water storage project,and rural construction land reclamation,and too little have report from technology integration.Therefore,with the perspective of resource flows and integration,based on the analysis of crop farming change in Chongqing,this paper choose Jiangjin District as the study sample area,and took Guanghan of Sichuan Province,Rongchang,Tongliang,Liangping of Chongqing Municipality as reference,followed the logical framework of “Crop farming change-Mode exploration-Technology integration-Effect feedback-Construction of the mechanisms”,combined with the theory and practice of the land transfer,agricultural industrialization and land consolidation,and studied questions of process regulation and mechanism response to mobility and integration of land resource in the process of agricultural modernlization of mountain and hilly areas,with regarding the hilly farming trends and policy orientation as the demand orientation,seeing land consolidation patterns with the coordination of people and land in hilly area and the key technology of land and resources integration as support,considering differentiation characteristics of moderate scale management of farmland in typical regional as the characterization,taking industrialization effect after the construction of the high standard basic farmland as feedback,looking on resource flows and integration mechanism based on urban and rural as guarantee.Getting the main conclusion as follows.I)In order to objectively grasp the change trend of crop farming and its policy orientation in mountain and hilly areas,based on Chongqing Municipality,a grain production and marketing balance area in China,we used statistical data and semi-structured interviews to study changes,reasons of crop farming and policy implications over the last 30 years(1978-2011).The results indicate that during the last 30 years changes in crop farming were a kind of competitive situation with contraction of grain and expansion of vegetables and fruits,regional planting patterns changed from dominated by grain to give consideration to both grain and vegetables,fruits,and crop farming realized efficiency.Changes in crop farming in Chongqing Municipality were a result of the combined action of various factors.For the whole process,the starting point of changes was from the liberation of farmer autonomy,the change condition was environmental change induced by all kinds of factors,and the basis of change was from different characteristics of crops.To ease the competitive situation,safeguard the self-sufficiency rate of grain,and improve the yield and quality of vegetables and fruits,methods include defining the redline of the grain sown area,shifting the planting patterns of grain,speeding up mechanization and installation,and the specialization of vegetables and fruits.To improve cultivated land use efficiency,based on Chongqing's experience we suggest agricultural policies in grain production and marketing balance areas that transform the direction of agricultural policy from One Focus(focusing on the grain production)to Two Combinations.One combination is the transfer of agricultural labor force and the capitalized agriculture of labor-saving,and the other is to maintain grain output stabilization and develop agricultural resource advantages and diversification.II)In order to represent characteristics of agricultural land circulation and moderate scale management of mountain and hilly areas,we selected Jiangjin,Chongqing,the underdeveloped region and having the hilly landscape,as study area,and choosed Guanghan city,Sichuan province,the more developed and having plain landform,as a reference object,based on extensive survey data of farmland circulation and moderate scale management in these two regions,analyzing and comparing the different features of agricultural land transfer and the appropriate scale management in hilly area,evaluating the changing effect differences of farmland transfer and moderate scale management comprehensively in the two regions by the method of energy analysis.The findings are as follows: 1)The low proportion of household labour force,population burden,and outstanding issues of farm labor,low quality,combined with block small,inefficient use,undermine the sustainability of the small-scale peasant economy seriously in the mountainous and hilly region,leading that the "centrifugal force" of farmers out of land is stronger than the "centripetal force" of holders of farmland;2)The differences caused by resource endowments,family characteristics,mode of operation,transfer market,transfer price,lead that transfer behaviors between hilly area and plain area show the "contradiction" feature;3)Due to the differences in scale,agricultural structure,production factors,and economic output,the large agricultural land farmers in hilly area can not copy the experience of plain area,instead that they should base on their own agricultural resource endowments and industrial advantages to develop the appropriate scale management.4)Different with the moderate scale management in in plain area whose the large-scale production mode can achieve a significant reduction in the cost of agricultural inputs camp due to scale,intensive,mechanized,hilly area is limited in exchange for a relatively scale of the potential for lower input costs,and therefore should make full use of their own resources in agriculture endowments and industrial advantages,and take a adjusting the agricultural structure,a substantial increase in output of the road;5)Based on different development pattern of agricultural intensification,plain areas improve the efficiency of agricultural production significantly through large-scale,intensive,mechanized production of,and enhance the capacity for sustainable development;whereas hilly areas reduce the capacity for sustainable development of agriculture because of terrain constraints and improper input mode after agricultural restructuring,thus it is a suitable choice to choose the development model of ecological agriculture and circular agriculture.III)In order to seek the suitable mode to improve mobility and integration of land resource in mountain and hilly areas,based on the perspective of human-earth harmonization,we used the method of literature summary and case analysis method to analyze the idea,mode,and technological approaches of land consolidation,and tried to enrich the theory and practice of Chinese rural land consolidation in the transitional period.The results indicated that as land-use regulation pathway of positive feedback,land consolidation should be on the basis of structure optimization and functional integration of the 3 large spaces(production space,living space and ecological space).So,as the active response of social and economic development stage requirements,land consolidation of the transitional period should be necessary to persist in the goal orientations like these-to ensure grain and food safety,and promote agricultural modernization;to support new village construction and optimize urban-rural land use space;to establish ecological security pattern and promote ecology landscape service function.The achievement of these targets needs the support of land consolidation based on the perspective of human-earth harmonization,but not traditional land consolidation mode.There are 4 elements in this kind of new mode.Three elements like goals of land consolidation,key points of land consolidation,and operation pattern have to match with the structure and function of rural territorial space;behavior rationality,another element,has to reach an organic unification between the value rationality and the instrumental rationality.In the technical form,this mode follows intelligent fusion of 3 kinds of technical ways-the farmland integrated technologies of production space,the rural construction land reused technologies of living space,and the ecology landscape improving technologies of eco-space.When this mode was applied,the results on the study area indicated that the practice of land consolidation was more standard and orderly than the traditional,and the whole structure and function of rural territorial space was improved.In the 3 large spaces,the agriculture production conditions of production space was improved much,the proportion of moderate scale management area increased from 18.00% to 30.53% after consolidation,the number of cultivated land plots averagely reduced by 1.6 for every peasant household,the guarantee rate of irrigation increased from 29.68% to 51.22%,the comprehensive mechanization ratio increased from 42.50% to 61.80%,and the local characteristic advantaged industries developed at the same time;the rural settlement landscape of living space was optimized much,and a total area of 1.74 hm2 referring to 24 blocks of abandoned rural residential lands was reclaimed and reused to cultivated land and other agricultural land,as a result the rural landscape harmony,the farmland concentration,and the style and feature of settlement got further improvement;the eco-network structure of eco-space was restored and intensified,the eco-nodes and eco-galleries linking with the farmland,settlement,forest and grassland in the study area were perfected through maintaining the original rivulets,ponds,irrigation canals and drainage channels,field roads and production roads,and building new storage paddy fields,new impounding reservoirs,new desilting pits and new production roads,and finally one ecology landscape pattern characterized by the integration of “dot-line-field” was weaved.In this pattern,the basic space pattern was composed of production core space,living core space and ecology core space,and the key links were constituted by ecological corridors,ecological jump islands,stepping stones,and ecological buffer areas.According to the above study,the mode of land consolidation based on a perspective of human-earth harmonization will be a really rational choice under the background of high pressure of man-earth relationship in China.IV)In order to integrate the key technology of mobility and integration of land resource in mountain and hilly areas,following “Idea—Technology—Demonstration” as the logical way of thinking,we discussed the way of agricultural transformation based on circulation and integration of resources,and put forward a set of technical system related with land circulation and resources integration of mountain and hilly areas,then finally we chose a typical area to application demonstration.Consequently,analysis revealed that modern productive factors(like capital,technology,management,marketing)cannot directly or blindly enter into traditional agriculture,the feasible way is to build mode-complementation and efficient path of factor mobility and resource integration,including linking modern and traditional productive factors(like land,labor force)by mobility among factors,and then realizing organic integration and reproduction new value of all kinds of resources and factors.So,in mountain and hilly areas,by the support of land circulation and land consolidation,the path of agricultural modernization should be to integrate adjustment of property rights of land circulation and engineering reform of land consolidation,and reconstruct the system of land consolidation engineering technology through the linkage of land circulation and land consolidation.In order to propel agricultural transformation development while operation mode changing from decentralized operation of farmers' contract to appropriate scale operation,the set of engineering technology system is consist of two parts: key technology of land circulation concentration and industrial development,and key technology of land and its subsidiary resources' integration.The former' is aimed to solve problems of land ownership adjustment from “decentralized contract,decentralized operation” to “decentralized contract,scale operation”,and includes technology of decentralized optimization and technology of global optimization according to different land circulation patterns;The latter is aimed to solve problems of land and its subsidiary resources' moderate scale using so as to promote efficiency of resource allocation and achieve optimal configuration,and includes technology of tillage fields construction and its matching technology,technology of rural constructive land reclamation according to different integrated key point.These technologies were applied to a comprehensive demonstration site,located in Xiaoyuan Vilage of Jiangjin District,Chongqing Municipality,and the results indicated that,in the process of developing modern agriculture,the set of integrated technology could meet requirements of the demonstration site for land and its subsidiary resources,and supply foundation of property rights and foundation of engineering.Relevant technical-economic indicators showed that,in the demonstration site,proportion of moderate scale management reached to 54.02%,realization ratio of agriculture industrialization reached to 73.00%,mean density and shape index of tillage fields fell to 38.62% and 29.46% respectively,power lift of agricultural machinery increased to 130.77%,reclamation ratio of rural residence land reached to 33.78%,appreciation of rural residence land reclamation reached to 89 195? average number of household.In 2015,production value of the whole village where the demonstration site located in reached to more than 20 million CNY,and rural per capita net income reached to 9 200?.Based on analysis and results above,we concluded that,following the mobility and integration of land and its subsidiary resources,application of the set of integrated technology in the process of agricultural moderate scale management of mountain and hilly areas,would not only solve the problem of mobility,centralization,integration from small patches of land to big block of land,and break the puzzle of mechanization,large-scale,industrialization of agricultural production at the background of rugged landform,but also implement standardized and orderly recycle and value release of rural construction land in terms of the request of rural-urban integration.V)In order to feed back the effect of mobility and integration of land resource,we chose Jiangjin District(YQ-I),Tongliang District(YQ-II),and Liangping County(YQ-III),three demonstration counties of well-facilitied capital farmland construction from Chongqing Municipality as study sample areas,which are characterized by obvious gradient difference of agricultural industrialization;and chose typical land consolidation projects as survey samples from every county.Taking economy and society effect as the core,and by the aid of entropy weight method and improved TOPSIS model,we built the post-evaluation index system and evaluated economy and society effect of three sample areas.In the evaluating index system,number of the new operators(C1),scale of land circulation(C2),area of scale management(C3),changes of peasants' annual farm income per person(C4),and changes of per area output(C5)are as indicators of economy effect;income of peasants' participation in the project(C6),number of peasants' participation in the project(C7),degree of peasants' satisfaction for the project implementation(C8),degree of peasants' participation late in the project(C9),and degree of nursing measures' implementation late in the project(C10)are as indicators of society effect.The results showed that the index weight order of economy effect was C3(0.3984)> C2(0.2706)> C1(0.1798)> C5(0.1337)> C4(0.0175),and the index weight order of society effect was C9(0.4006)> C6(0.3999)> C8(0.0995)> C10(0.0919)> C7(0.0081).Through the classification of index weight importance,C3,C9,and C6 were classified as importance with the large variation and strong impact;C4,C8,C10,and C7 were classified as edge with the small variation and weak impact;the rest,as less importance with moderate impact.Evaluation results of the three study sample areas had an obvious relationship with the process of agricultural industrialization,order of the comprehensive effect was YQ-I(rapid advance)> YQ-II(accelerated advance)> YQ-III(relatively slow advance),and the effect level was good,medium,and poor respectively.And in single effect,there were disequilibrium features between economy effect and society effect,which included disequilibrium of index classification,effect classification,and the study sample area inside.However,accompanied by speeding up agricultural industrialization process,the gap between economy effect and society effect was closing from 22.25 times of YQ-III to 1.21 times of YQ-II,0.77 times of YQ-I.Based on analysis of evaluation results,we considered that,in addition to following the generalized target,content and technical requirements,giving play to the supporting role of well-facilitied capital farmland construction in mountain and hilly area,should also definitely aim at practical demand of regional agricultural development.Among the three study sample areas,experience of YQ-I is worth learning,and its specific practice is consists of three steps.First step is to discover regional advantages of agricultural resources and industry;second step is to combine well-facilitied capital farmland construction with land circulation,agricultural industrialization and scale management;and third step is to transform farming plots,construct supporting agricultural infrastructure according to demands of different agricultural industries and moderate scale management.By means of the three steps,YQ-I answers well-facilitied capital farmland construction need how to improve agricultural production conditions,and how to construct agricultural infrastructure,especially realized benign interaction between farmland construction and agricultural industrialization.However,problem of YQ-II need to rethink.The key is to pay more attention to new agricultural operators' role in well-facilitied capital farmland construction,and build a mechanism from point-based nursing experiences and succeed practice to surface-based popularization and application.Lessons of YQ-III should be remembered.Well-facilitied capital farmland construction cannot be divorced from agricultural industrialization,and removed from agricultural structure adjustment,land circulation,moderate scale management,and new operators' development.In conclusion,under the guide of agricultural industrialization mountain and hilly area can be able to effectively utilize the supporting role of well-facilitied capital farmland construction,and realize better successor-nursing by means of new operators.Meanwhile,the evaluation method based on entropy weight method and improved TOPSIS model can be also effectively used to evaluate economy and society effect of well-facilitied capital farmland construction.VI)In order to build mechanism of factor mobility and resource integration based on rural-urban integration,from the perspective of “ passage theory” of W.Arthur Lewis,we analyzed the process of actor mobility and resource integration based on rural-urban integration,and the results showed that,land consolidation is the efficient path to improve mobility and integration of land and its subsidiary resources;In the both relationships between rural-urban integration(RUI)and land consolidation(LC),RUI and LC belong to demand guide side and supply coordination side respectively,so in order to better communicate the relationships and play a supporting role of LC,both the physical passage and the invisible passage between the two should be built;Based on the content and function of LC,key links and footholds fitting in with these passages are practical carriers and specific means to promote RUI by the help of LC;Practice of Chongqing proves that positive results were brought about in the process of promoting RUI through LC.It is concluded that,to effectively integrate land and its affiliated resources,the key to the question is to take advantage of the physical passage and the invisible passage,and implement the group agricultural land consolidation with separating men from land and the rural construction land reclamation with land following men leaving through aiming at the key links and footholds.So,in the process of mobility and integration of resource,a series of mechanisms should be built,like oriented mechanism of subjectivity function,linkage mechanism between land consolidation and agricultural industry development,and hooking mechanism between men and land;Meanwhile,corresponding policies,like leading policies referred to top-level design,organization and management,income distribution,market supervision,and normalize of land use;complementary policies referred to farmers' insurance,socialized services of agriculture,government functions,and food policy,should be also put forward.In conclusion,response to the opportunity of effectiveness improving by transformation from crop farming,and fit in with the policy orientation of transferring agricultural labor force,stimulating the capitalized agriculture of labor-saving,and to maintain grain output stabilization and develop agricultural resource advantages and diversification,mountain and hilly areas need make the system design around mobility and integtation of land resource.For the process regulation,first step,starting with macro man-earth relationship,is guided by rural territorial spatial structure optimization and function integration,and takes mode of land consolidation based on human-earth harmonization as rational choice of land-use regulation;Second step,by the use of functional integration,technological reconstitution,and integtated application of land circulation and land consolidation,establishes integrated technology of mobility and integration of land resource to fit the moderate scale management in microscale;Third step,standing on agricultural resources endowment and industrial strength in the process of moderate scale management,adjusts agricultural production structure,and impoves agricultural effectiveness under the support of cropping pattern transformation;Last step is to pay attention to the guide role of agriculture industrialization and new management subjectives to increase effective supply of agricultural production hardware in land consolidation.For the mechanism response,combining with corresponding relation between the demand guide side and the supply coordination side,the key way is to unchoke all kinds of physical passages and invisible passages of mobility and integtation of land resource.