| In the course of 40 years’ development of the reform and opening up,China has made remarkable achievements of economic construction.However,in the process of China’s rapid economic growth,The per capita income level of urban and rural residents has lagged far behind the development of the national economy,This has seriously affected the sustained and healthy development of China’s economy and society.In this context,The Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China has set 2020 as the target year to realize the "centenary goal" of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects,pledging efforts to double the per capita income of urban and rural residents.As far as the current income status and characteristics of urban and rural residents are concerned,The key point and difficulty of the goal is in the rural and Pastoral areas.Pastoral areas are important ecological barriers,In this areas,its economic development is lagging behind,the proportion of poor people is higher and poverty levels are deeper.Pastoral areas has become a prominent short board in the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Especially as the economy enters a "new normal",It is even more difficult for herdsmen to increase income continuously and steady.The root cause lies in lacking of living capital which is the core elements of herdsmen’s survival and development.Therefore,the paper deeply analyzed the influencing factors of restricting herdsman’s income increase from the perspective of sustainable livelihood capital,and exploring effective ways to promote income continuously and steady of herdsmen.It has important practical significance and value.Based on the above background,This paper takes herdsmen in Inner Mongolia as the object of study,in order to promote income continuously and steady of herdsmen.From the perspective of sustainable livelihood capital,the paper focus on the influence of factors on herdsman’s income,which include core micro factors such as livelihood capital and macro factors such as policies and institutions,the level of regional economic development and so on in the sustainable livelihood capital analysis framework.Also provide a basis for exploring effective ways and measures to promote income continuously and steady of herdsmen.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Based on the macro data of herdsmen’s income published in the statistical yearbook of Inner Mongolia over the years,The paper systematically sums up and summarizes the variation trend and characteristics of income level,income structure and income gap of herdsmen in Inner Mongolia.As far as income levels of herdsmen are concerned,Since the reform and opening up,The per capita net income of herdsmen shows tendency to ascend as a whole year by year,However the growth rate fluctuates enormously and obviously slowed down in recent years.Herdsmen’s continuous increase on income has entered the bottleneck stage.As far as income structure is concerned,On the whole,the income source of herdsmen shows the income pattern which mainly consists of household income and other income as supplement.Among them,the proportion of household income has declined year by year,and livestock income is still the core source of household income.The proportion of wage income is on the rise,but fluctuates.Transfer income grow fastest and has already become the second largest source of income for herdsmen.The proportion of property income is the smallest and also more attentions must be paid to growth potential of income.In terms of income inequality,The income gap between urban and rural areas continues to expand,the regional income gap is still evident,The internal income gap is still huge,The degree of income inequality of herdsmen is serious.(2)From the perspective of sustainable livelihood capital,This paper qualitatively analyzes the influence of various factors in the framework of living capital analysis on the income of herdsmen.It can helps us to clarify the complicated factors affecting the income of herdsmen.Out of the influence of the traditional culture and customs,Herdsman’s production and management behavior is mostly livelihood and custom oriented,rather than entirely market-oriented.Whether herdsman can increase income,Generally speaking,depends on herdsman’s production and management behavior.Therefore,the framework of sustainable livelihood capital provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for the study.The study found that the lack of herdsmen livelihood capital has become the main source of slow income growth and Single income structure of herdsman.there are differences in the status of herdsmen livelihood capital,it has become the main source of Income inequality of herdsmen.Besides,Macro factors which include Vulnerability background,policies and institutions,regional economic development level also directly or indirectly affect the income of herdsmen in the framework.(3)In this paper,Based on 627 households micro data of the tracking survey,the income level of herdsmen and the influencing factors of income structure are analyzed empirically.It constructed three models according to the household income decision function.The paper takes per capita income,per capita income of husbandry and per capita income of Non-husbandry individually as explanatory variables,The elements within the framework are used as independent variables.At the same time,the agent variable method,the pre definite variable method and the panel data method are used to minimize the influence of Endogeneity.The analysis results show that factors which affected the households’ income is diverse and complex,Including many micro factors such as natural capital endowment,physical capital investment,human capital accumulation,financial capital and social capital possession,herdsman employment behavior,family characteristics,at the same time,including Macro factors,for example policies and institutions,regional economic development.As far as the influence factors of income structure is concerned,The influence of different factors on income structure is different,Some factors(such as natural capital,human capital,financial capital,social capital,regional economic development level and government policy)affected the households’ income level through various sources of income,However,The impact of some factors(such as material capital,and employment behavior)on households’ income level is structural.As follows:Natural capital has significant positive impact on income level and income structure of herdsmen.Among them,The extent of per capita grassland area’s influence on the income of husbandry is greater than the income of non-husbandry,But in terms of degree of impact,The role of natural capital on the households’ income is limited.The material capital influence only on husbandry income of herdsmen,Among them,the impact of livestock assets is minimal,The means of production and living materials have a greater impact.The education level of labor force,vocational education and the Chinese language ability of human capital exert a significant influence on the income level,Among them,the Chinese proficiency has a significant negative effect on the husbandry income of the herdsmen,and vocational education has a significant positive effect on herdsman’s non-husbandry income.Human capital has a greater influence on herdsman’s income.It shows that human capital is the main driving force of promoting herdsman’s income.The financial assets of financial capital have a significant positive effect on income level and income structure,but the degree of impact is relatively small.The state cadres,neighborhood trust and the distance from the flag government of social capital have significant effects on the income level of herdsmen.Among them,the distance from the flag government has a significant negative effect on Herdsmen’s husbandry income,While the national cadres and the distance from the flag government have a significant impact on the non-husbandry income,the impact of social capital is also greater.It shows that strengthening the construction of social capital can greatly increase the income of herdsmen.Besides,The employment behavior of herdsmen has a significant positive effect on herdsman’s non-husbandry income.Actively guiding herdsmen out of employment will help diversify the sources of income of herdsmen and improve the herdsmen’s income level.In addition,The level of regional economic development and government policy has a significant positive effect on income level and income structure of herdsman,the degree of influence is great.This proves,a series of policy on animal husbandry will be continue to implemented,At the same time,we should pay attention to promoting the level of regional economic development,These have great promoting effect on the income of herdsmen.There are three main points of innovation in this paper: First,This paper takes the framework of sustainable livelihood capital analysis(SLA)as the breakthrough point of herdsmen’s income research.At present,many achievements have been made in studying the income of farmers and herdsmen,however,some studies have only considered the macro factors such as the national policy and the level of regional economic development,Or only consider the influence of micro factors such as human capital and social capital,The explaining power of the research results is inadequate.This paper comprehensively analyzes the influence of the elements in the framework on the income level and structure of herdsmen,which include five kinds of livelihood capital,herdsman employment behavior,family characteristics,policy system and regional economic development level and so on.This makes the findings more comprehensive and precise.Second,from the income source and structure of herdsman’s perspective,this paper analyzed the path of Influential Factors of Increasing Incomes of herdsmen in the Framework.The study found that the impact of different factors on the income of herders is different.Some factors affected the households’ income level through various sources of income,However,The impact of some factors on households’ income level is structural.Third,this paper dynamic analyzes the influence factors of the income level and income structure of herdsmen in a wide range.The paper obtains micro data of herdsman for three years from 2010 to 2015 through tracking survey of household within a wide range in the Inner Mongolia.The data is the current more complete dynamic micro-data of research on Inner Mongolia Herdsmen’s Income Increase.It covers 627 pastoral household data from east to West in the Inner Mongolia,it makes the conclusion more representative and better serve the actual policy needs of pastoral areas. |
