| The unbalanced distribution of economic activities is a widespread economic phenomenon,and agglomeration has become an important organizational form of regional development.The potential knowledge spillovers and increasing returns to scale brought about by industrial agglomeration have promoted the development of regional industries and economy.The environmental pollution problems that accompany industrial agglomeration have also aroused people's concern.However,in reality,there is also a phenomenon that environmental conditions improve with industrial agglomeration.As a result,there has been a debate in the academic community about the relationship between agglomeration and pollution intensity:Has industrial agglomeration intensified or slowed industrial pollution intensity?This paper focuses on the topic of“What is the Relationship between Industrial Agglomeration and Industrial Pollution Intensity?”The research is based on theories of agglomeration externalities and new economic geography.It is in line with the requirements of China's green development and has strong theoretical and practical significance.Through literature review and theoretical perspective on the core topics,this paper believes that industrial agglomeration has a great deal of complexity on the role of industrial pollution intensity.Economic size,industrial structure,and pollution control technology are important intermediate variables for the interaction between agglomeration and pollution intensity,and different agglomerations structures have different environmental externalities.Therefore,based on the core ideas of the theory of agglomerative externalities and new economic geography,this study constructed a comprehensive theoretical analysis framework from the perspectives of positive and negative externalities of the environment,and clarified that agglomeration eventually formed different environmental externalities through three intermediate variables.According to the theoretical framework that has been constructed,this article uses the SO2 pollution of285 cities in China as an example to measure industrial agglomeration and industrial pollution intensity levels in China's prefectures based on relevant statistical data.In this paper,the industrial agglomeration is further characterized as the geographical proximity of enterprises according to the spatial structure.According to the industry structure,the industrial agglomeration is divided into different types,such as specialized agglomeration,diversity agglomeration,related diversity agglomeration and unrelated diversity agglomeration.This paper mainly studies the following five aspects:First,the spatial analysis method introduced in this paper discusses the spatial distribution and associated characteristics of industrial agglomeration and pollution intensity.Secondly,this paper studies four problems by constructing the econometric model:the linear relationship between industrial agglomeration and industrial pollution intensity and the spatial spillover,the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the influence of industrial agglomeration on industrial pollution intensity,the nonlinear relationship between industrial agglomeration and industrial pollution intensity,and the role of structure and technology in the relationship between agglomeration and pollution intensity.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:?1?The spatial distribution of industrial agglomeration and industrial pollution intensity differs significantly,and there are spatial inversions.The spatial differences between industrial pollution intensity and industrial agglomeration in China's cities are extremely significant.The intensity of industrial pollution shows the characteristics of distribution in the high east and low in the west.Industrial agglomeration,enterprise agglomeration,diversity agglomeration and related diversified agglomeration are all characterized of distribution in the high east and low in the west;the level of specialization in the western region is higher than in the eastern and central regions,and the distribution of non-related diversity agglomeration is relatively inconspicuous.Different agglomeration types have different spatial correlation characteristics with industrial pollution intensity.Geographical agglomeration,enterprise agglomeration,diversity,related diversity,non-related diversity and industrial pollution are negatively correlated.Specialization is positively related to industrial pollution intensity.From a local perspective,high?low?agglomeration does not necessarily correspond to high?low?pollution intensity.There are four types of spatial correlations between agglomeration and pollution:high agglomeration-high pollution intensity,high agglomeration-low pollution intensity,low agglomeration-high pollution intensity and low concentration-low pollution intensity.The degree of specialization and pollution intensity in the eastern part of the country is relatively low,and the level of specialization and pollution intensity in the west is relatively high.Geographic agglomeration,enterprise agglomeration,diversity agglomeration,related?non-relevant?diversity agglomeration have the same spatially related characteristics with industrial pollution intensity.The eastern region has a higher level of agglomeration but lower pollution emissions intensity.The western region has a low level of agglomeration but high levels of pollution intensity.?2?Industrial agglomeration and pollution intensity have space overflows,and diversified and associated agglomeration forms are more conducive to pollution reduction.Industrial agglomeration?geographic agglomeration,specialization,diversity and related diversity?and pollution have space overflows.The geographic agglomeration,diversity and related diversity agglomeration in neighboring regions is conducive to the decline of industrial pollution intensity in the region,and the specialization will increase the level of industrial pollution intensity in the region.From the perspective of the relationship between industrial agglomeration and pollution intensity,geographical agglomeration and enterprise geographical proximity are beneficial to reduce pollution intensity.Diversified agglomeration is more conducive to the decline of industrial pollution intensity than specialization.Relevant diversity is conducive to the reduction of industrial pollution intensity.Non-related diversity agglomeration will improve industrial pollution intensity.This shows that technological spillovers from industrial linkages and input-output linkages between different industries are beneficial to the decline of industrial pollution intensity.Combined with the relationship between diversity agglomeration and industrial pollution intensity,it can be seen that industrial linkage is the key to the diversity that can play the role of pollution intensity reduction.?3?The influence of industrial agglomeration on industrial pollution intensity has regional,city scale and agglomeration life cycle differences.?1?From the perspective of different regions,geographical agglomeration,diversity and related diversity have pollution intensity-reducing effects on the eastern,central and western regions.The agglomeration effect of geographical agglomeration is the largest in the west and the smallest in the east.Geographical proximity has an obvious effect on the decline of pollution intensity in the Midwest.Relevant diversity agglomeration has the largest effect of abatement in the east,and the minimum emission reduction in the west.There is no significant effect of specialized agglomeration on the industrial pollution intensity level in the eastern,central and western regions.Unrelated diversity will aggravate the industrial pollution intensity in the East and central China.?2?From the perspective of different scale cities,the effect of geographical agglomeration and geographical proximity on small cities is much higher than that of big cities.The decline of small cities'pollution intensity is more beneficial to specialization agglomeration.The pollution intensity reduction of large cities is more influenced by diversity and related diversity.?3?From different agglomeration stages,geographic agglomeration,enterprise agglomeration and diversity agglomeration can reduce industrial pollution intensity,but the effect of emission reduction will decrease with the increase of agglomeration level.Specialized agglomeration will reduce pollution intensity in the early stage.With the expansion of the scale of agglomeration,specialization will aggravate pollution.The emission reduction function of related diversification is increasing along with the level of agglomeration.With the increase of agglomeration level,the increase of non-related diversity will increase the pollution intensity.?4?Industrial structure,pollution control technology,and economic development are important factors for agglomeration to affect pollution intensity,and pollution control technology plays the largest role.Geographic agglomeration,enterprise geographical proximity and related diversified agglomeration are conducive to industrial structure optimization,pollution control technology improvement and economic development,and thus to achieve pollution intensity reduction.Specialization will increase the proportion of polluting industries in the region,reduce the level of economic development,and ultimately exacerbate industrial pollution intensity.Non-relevant diversity is not conducive to industrial structure optimization and pollution control technology advancement,and eventually increased pollution intensity;diversity can promote emission reduction by improving pollution control technology.Industrial structure and pollution control technologies have a different role in the impact of agglomeration on pollution intensity.Geographic agglomeration,enterprise geographical proximity,diversification,and related diversification mainly promote pollution intensity reduction through pollution control technology improvement.Unrelated diversification and specialization will mainly limit the improvement of regional pollution control technologies and increase the proportion of polluting industries,which in turn exacerbates industrial pollution intensity.Based on relevant research conclusions,this paper draws the following policy recommendations:?1?In order to reduce industrial pollution intensity,China must stick to the road of agglomeration and promote the diversified agglomeration of industries on the basis of relevance.In terms of economic layout,it is necessary to promote the spatial concentration of industries and increase the construction of industrial parks and economic and technological development zones.While promoting the concentration of industrial space,it is necessary to avoid excessively uniform types of industries and strive to increase the level of diversification under the premise of industrial linkages.?2?The government should also strengthen inter-regional joint prevention and control,attach importance to cooperation among regions,and establish environmental protection mechanisms for joint prevention and control of relevant regions.Neighboring regions should also coordinate with each other in joint monitoring,open information sharing,joint early warning and emergency response,and coordinated governance.?3?The formulation of environmental protection policies should be different for different regions,different cities,and different agglomeration stages.The inland hinterland of the central and western regions should further strengthen the industrial agglomeration level and enterprise proximity,and on this basis,pay attention to strengthening the internal correlation among different industries.The eastern region should take the improvement of industrial ties as its main task and reducing the crowding effect of excessive agglomeration.Big cities should take the diversified agglomeration of related industries as their development path,while small cities should concentrate their limited resources on the development of specialized special industries,and exert the Marshall externality's pollution reduction effect.Judging from different agglomeration stages,in the early stage of industrial agglomeration,it is feasible to increase the level of geographic agglomeration or to take specialized agglomeration and diversity agglomeration.However,with the continuous evolution of the agglomeration stage and the expansion of agglomeration scale,we must pay attention to improving the level of association between industries and avoid the spatial concentration of non-related industries.?4?Policy formulation should pay attention to the role of pollution control technology in the prevention and control of industrial pollution,and take measures to increase knowledge spillovers and technological levels in the agglomeration industry.Regional industrial pollution prevention and control still have to take economic development as the top priority,and strive to solve environmental problems in development.The innovations in this article mainly include the following aspects:?1?This article has clarified the type of spatial association between industrial agglomeration and industrial pollution intensity at the prefecture.?2?This paper studies the differences in environmental externalities of different types of agglomeration,and studies impact of agglomeration on pollution intensity in different regions,cities of different sizes,and different stages.?3?This paper examines the spatial spillover effect of industrial agglomeration.?4?This paper examines the role of structure and technology in the relationship between agglomeration and pollution intensity from the perspective of industrial pollution intensity decomposition. |
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